The opal, a gemstone celebrated for its captivating play of color, holds a unique and often misunderstood place in the world of gems. Traditionally recognized as the October birthstone, its history is interwoven with tales of both good fortune and misfortune, shifting perceptions that continue to intrigue and influence its appeal. While often associated with superstition, the opal’s journey from ancient admiration to a modern birthstone alternative reveals a complex narrative shaped by literature, marketing, and enduring human fascination. This article will explore the opal’s history, geological origins, symbolism, and the enduring myths surrounding its wear, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
The origins of the opal’s name are debated, with several theories proposed. Some believe it derives from the Roman word opalus, meaning “precious gem,” while others suggest a connection to the Greek opallios, also meaning opal. A further possibility traces its etymology to the Sanskrit upala, meaning “jewel.” Regardless of its linguistic roots, the opal has been prized for millennia.
Historically, the opal was often considered a symbol of hope, purity, and truth, particularly for those born in October. However, its reputation took a dramatic turn in the 19th century, largely due to its portrayal in literature. Sir Walter Scott’s 1829 novel, Anne of Geierstein, featured an opal that reflected the moods of its wearer, ultimately fading and losing its color upon her death. This fictional account significantly contributed to the growing belief that opals were unlucky, particularly for those not born in October.
A particularly dramatic tale recounts the misfortunes surrounding a ring gifted by Spain’s King Alfonso XII to his wife, and subsequently to his grandmother, sister, and sister-in-law, all of whom died shortly after receiving it. While the king’s cause of death is noted as either tuberculosis or dysentery, the story cemented the opal’s association with tragedy in popular lore.
Despite these narratives, the opal enjoyed periods of widespread popularity. Until 1912, it was firmly established as the October birthstone. However, the National Association of Jewelers, seeking to promote transparent gems, replaced it with pink tourmaline as part of a broader revision of the birthstone list. This change was driven primarily by marketing considerations rather than any inherent belief in the opal’s ill fortune.
Geological Formation and Sources
Opals are unique in their formation, being comprised of hydrated amorphous silica (SiO2·nH2O). They are not crystalline like many other gemstones, but rather represent one of the phases through which gel-like silica can pass on its way to becoming stable crystalline quartz. This inherent instability contributes to their delicate nature and susceptibility to damage.
The most significant sources of opals are Australia and Ethiopia, with these regions producing the highest-quality gems. Opals from these locations are often characterized by darker body tones and more intense color play, making them particularly valuable. The specific geological conditions required for opal formation are relatively rare, contributing to their desirability.
Gemological Properties
The defining characteristic of the opal is its “play-of-color,” a mesmerizing display of iridescent hues that shift and change with the angle of light. This phenomenon is caused by the diffraction of light passing through microscopic spheres of silica within the stone. The size and arrangement of these spheres determine the colors observed.
While the sources do not provide specific details on the opal’s refractive index or other precise gemological data, they do highlight its relative softness. This softness makes opals more prone to scratching and damage compared to harder gemstones, posing a challenge for everyday wear, particularly in engagement rings.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout much of history, opals were considered lucky stones, revered in Ancient Rome and the Middle Ages. However, the Victorian era saw a shift in perception, fueled by literary depictions and a preference for the symbolism associated with tourmaline’s diverse colors.
Despite the Victorian-era superstitions, the opal continues to hold symbolic meaning. For those born in October, it represents hope, purity, and truth. It is also traditionally associated with the 14th wedding anniversary, symbolizing a celebration of life’s beauty and changeability, reflected in the gem’s shifting colors. Some traditions even assign the opal as a birthstone to those born during the 6 pm hour, regardless of their birth month.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relative softness and hydrated silica composition, the opal requires careful handling and maintenance. The sources emphasize the gem’s fragility, noting that gem cutters often hesitate to work with it due to the risk of breakage. Avoiding harsh chemicals and abrasive materials is crucial for preserving its beauty and play-of-color.
Conclusion
The opal’s story is one of shifting perceptions, from ancient reverence to Victorian-era superstition and eventual re-establishment as a beloved birthstone. While myths of bad luck persist, they are largely rooted in fictional narratives and marketing strategies rather than inherent gemological properties. The opal remains a captivating gemstone, prized for its unique play-of-color and enduring symbolism. Whether worn as a birthstone, a token of affection, or simply admired for its beauty, the opal continues to fascinate and inspire.