December is uniquely distinguished in the world of birthstones by its rich and varied selection of gemstones. While many months are associated with a single stone, December offers a collection of options, each with its own distinct characteristics, historical significance, and symbolic meaning. This diversity allows individuals born in December to choose a gemstone that best reflects their personal style, budget, and cultural interests. The December birthstones include zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—each contributing to a multifaceted representation of the month’s essence.
These gemstones are not merely decorative; they are deeply rooted in history, mythology, and geology. From the brilliant fire of zircon to the serene blue of topaz, the mystical allure of tanzanite, the regal depth of lapis lazuli, and the vibrant green-blue of turquoise, December’s birthstones offer a wide spectrum of beauty and meaning. This article explores the origins, properties, and cultural significance of each of these stones, offering an in-depth look at what makes them so special.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back centuries, with roots in ancient cultures that believed in the power of gemstones to influence health, fortune, and spiritual well-being. The practice of birthstones can be traced to the biblical Breastplate of Aaron, described in Exodus 39:1-7, which listed twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. Over time, these associations evolved, and by the 19th and 20th centuries, the modern birthstone calendar took shape.
December’s selection of birthstones reflects this evolving tradition. Turquoise, in particular, has a long and storied history. Used as early as 3000 BCE in ancient Egypt, it was a symbol of protection and power. Pharaohs and other rulers adorned themselves with turquoise jewelry, believing it to bring health and good fortune. In ancient China, turquoise was carved into intricate ornaments and was considered a sacred stone for over 3,000 years.
Zircon, on the other hand, is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircons dating back over 4 billion years. Its name comes from the Arabic word “zankāf,” meaning “gold-tinted,” and it has been used in jewelry since the ancient world. In medieval times, zircon was believed to have protective and healing properties, and it was also thought to inspire wisdom and prosperity.
Tanzanite is a more recent discovery, first identified in 1967 in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Its unique blue to violet color quickly made it a popular choice for jewelry, and it was officially designated as a birthstone in 1982. The gemstone’s limited geographic origin adds to its allure and exclusivity.
Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue color and flecks of gold, has been prized for millennia. It was used in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt for amulets and ornaments, and in medieval Europe, it was believed to enhance wisdom and intellect. The stone’s association with royalty and enlightenment continues to this day.
Topaz, in its various colors, has also played a significant role in history. Blue topaz, in particular, has become a popular choice for December due to its calming blue hue and relatively affordable price. Historically, topaz was believed to have healing properties and was used in medieval Europe as a charm against enchantment and to promote truth and fidelity.
Geological Formation and Sources
The diverse selection of December birthstones is not only reflected in their colors and meanings but also in their geological origins. Each gemstone forms under unique conditions, contributing to its rarity and beauty.
Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate mineral that forms in igneous rocks during the slow cooling of magma. It is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which give it a brilliant sparkle often compared to diamond. Zircon can be found in a variety of colors, including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and brown. The blue variety, known as “blue zircon,” is particularly popular in jewelry and is often used as a December birthstone.
Zircon is found in many parts of the world, including Australia, Brazil, India, and Thailand. Its durability and brilliance make it a desirable gemstone for both antique and modern jewelry.
Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine. It is known for its hardness, with a rating of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear. Blue topaz, which is the most popular variety for December, is typically created through irradiation of colorless topaz. This process enhances the gemstone’s natural beauty and makes it more accessible to a wider audience.
Topaz is found in a variety of locations around the world, including Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United States. The gemstone’s availability and affordability have contributed to its popularity as a December birthstone.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a type of zoisite that exhibits a unique blue to violet color due to trace amounts of vanadium. It is only found in the area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world. Tanzanite was discovered in 1967 and has since become a highly sought-after gemstone in the jewelry industry.
The gemstone’s limited geographic origin and vibrant color make it a symbol of exclusivity and luxury. Its popularity has grown steadily since its discovery, and it has become a favored choice for December-born individuals.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a sodium calcium aluminum silicate. It is known for its deep blue color, which can range from a pale sky blue to a rich cobalt blue. Lapis lazuli is often found with flecks of pyrite, which give the stone a shimmering effect and add to its visual appeal.
The stone is primarily found in Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Other sources include Russia, Chile, and the United States. Lapis lazuli is relatively soft, with a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, and it requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral that forms in the weathering of copper deposits. It is composed of copper, aluminum, and phosphorus, and its color can range from deep blue to green, depending on the mineral composition. Turquoise is often found with veins of matrix, which are the remnants of the rock in which it formed. These matrix patterns can add to the stone’s uniqueness and beauty.
Turquoise is found in arid regions where copper deposits are present. Major sources include the United States (particularly Arizona and Nevada), China, Iran, and Egypt. The stone’s softness (Mohs hardness of 5 to 6) and porosity make it susceptible to damage, so it requires special care to maintain its color and luster.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of December’s birthstones is essential for both collectors and jewelry buyers. These properties include color, clarity, cut, carat weight, hardness, and refractive index.
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Refractive Index | Transparency | Composition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zircon | Blue, yellow, red, brown | 6–7.5 | 1.90–2.00 | Transparent | ZrSiO₄ |
| Topaz | Blue, colorless, pink | 8 | 1.61–1.63 | Transparent | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | 6–7 | 1.69–1.70 | Translucent | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) |
| Lapis Lazuli | Deep blue with pyrite flecks | 5–6 | 1.60–1.70 | Opaque | Lazurite, Pyrite, Calcite |
| Turquoise | Blue to green | 5–6 | 1.61–1.65 | Opaque | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O |
Zircon
Zircon is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which give it a brilliant fire that is often compared to diamond. Its color can vary depending on trace elements, and blue zircon is particularly popular due to its vibrant hue. The gemstone’s hardness (6–7.5 on the Mohs scale) makes it suitable for use in jewelry, though it is not as durable as topaz.
Topaz
Blue topaz is a popular choice for December due to its calm, serene color and its durability. With a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, it is resistant to scratches and is suitable for everyday wear. Its refractive index (1.61–1.63) gives it a clear, bright appearance that enhances its beauty in various jewelry settings.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite’s unique blue to violet color is due to trace amounts of vanadium. It has a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale, which means it is relatively durable but still requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage. Its refractive index (1.69–1.70) contributes to its vibrant color and brilliance.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. It is opaque and often contains flecks of pyrite, which give it a shimmering effect. Its deep blue color is due to the presence of lazurite, and its softness means it should be handled with care to avoid scratches and abrasions.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a soft gemstone with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. It is opaque and can range in color from blue to green, depending on the mineral composition. Its porosity makes it susceptible to discoloration and damage, so it requires special care to maintain its color and luster.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of December’s birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties, which have been passed down through generations.
Zircon
Zircon is often associated with wisdom, prosperity, and spiritual growth. In ancient times, it was believed to have protective powers and was used to ward off negative energy. It is also thought to enhance intuition and promote a sense of well-being.
Topaz
Topaz is a symbol of strength, courage, and good fortune. It is often used as a charm to promote truth and fidelity. Blue topaz is believed to bring calm and serenity, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional balance.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is associated with transformation, emotional healing, and spiritual awakening. It is believed to open the heart and mind to new possibilities, helping individuals embrace change and personal growth.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a stone of wisdom, truth, and enlightenment. It is believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. In medieval Europe, it was thought to promote peace and harmony, and it was often used in meditation and spiritual practices.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a symbol of protection, good fortune, and positive energy. It is believed to bring calm and tranquility to the wearer and is often used as a talisman for safety and well-being. In many cultures, turquoise is considered a sacred stone with powerful healing properties.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone has its own set of care requirements based on its hardness, porosity, and sensitivity to heat and chemicals.
Zircon
Zircon should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. It is not recommended to use ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage. Zircon should be stored separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches.
Topaz
Topaz is relatively durable and can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. It can also be cleaned using ultrasonic or steam cleaners. However, it should be kept away from high heat and harsh chemicals, as these can cause damage.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. It is not recommended to use ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage. Tanzanite should be stored separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches and abrasions.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a soft gemstone that requires gentle care. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. It is not recommended to use ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage. Lapis lazuli should be stored in a dry place to avoid moisture-related damage.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a porous gemstone that requires special care. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. It is not recommended to use ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage. Turquoise should be kept away from oils, lotions, and perfumes, as these can cause discoloration.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones offer a rich and diverse selection of gemstones, each with its own unique characteristics, historical significance, and symbolic meaning. From the brilliant fire of zircon to the serene blue of topaz, the mystical allure of tanzanite, the regal depth of lapis lazuli, and the vibrant green-blue of turquoise, these gemstones provide a beautiful representation of the month’s essence.
Whether chosen for their beauty, durability, or cultural significance, these gemstones make wonderful choices for jewelry and personal adornment. They also serve as a connection to the past, carrying with them the traditions, beliefs, and stories of generations.
For those born in December, the selection of birthstones offers a meaningful way to celebrate their birth month and express their individuality. Whether opting for a classic turquoise or a modern tanzanite, December’s birthstones provide a timeless and versatile choice for any occasion.