Tourmaline is a gemstone celebrated for its extraordinary range of colors, making it a particularly fitting birthstone for October, a month often characterized by vibrant autumnal hues. Historically, and even today, individuals born in October have a choice of birthstones, with tourmaline gaining prominence alongside opal. While originally recognized as pink tourmaline, the designation has broadened to encompass the entire spectrum of colors this versatile gem exhibits. Its name originates from the Singhalese word tourmali, meaning “mixed stones,” a testament to the gem’s diverse palette and the early confusion with other, similarly colored gemstones.
A History of Misidentification and Recognition
The story of tourmaline is one of evolving understanding. Early gem traders, lacking the sophisticated testing equipment available today, often misidentified tourmaline as other, more well-known gems. Red tourmaline was frequently mistaken for ruby, blue varieties for sapphire, and green stones for peridot. This confusion persisted for centuries, even impacting historical accounts of significant jewels. For example, the “Caesar’s Ruby” in the Russian crown jewels is, in fact, a red tourmaline, known as rubellite. Similarly, green tourmaline crystals discovered in Brazil during the 1500s were initially believed to be emeralds by Spanish conquistadors. It wasn’t until the 19th century, with the development of advanced gemological testing techniques, that tourmaline was definitively recognized as a distinct mineral species. The term “tourmaline” itself reflects this historical ambiguity, derived from the Dutch merchants’ description of multicolored pebbles found in Sri Lanka, then known as Ceylon.
Geological Origins and Global Sources
Tourmaline’s formation occurs in a variety of geological environments, contributing to its widespread global distribution. Significant deposits are found in Brazil, which remains a primary source for many tourmaline varieties. Other notable mining locations include Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, and various regions within Africa. Within the United States, both California and Maine have historically been important producers of fine tourmaline.
The diverse chemical composition of tourmaline leads to a wide range of varieties, each with unique characteristics. Paraíba tourmaline, a vividly colored purplish or greenish blue variety, is particularly prized and originates from the Paraíba region of Brazil. However, similar copper-bearing tourmaline has also been found in Mozambique and Nigeria, though only the Brazilian material is officially designated “Paraíba tourmaline.”
A Spectrum of Color and Gemological Properties
Tourmaline’s most defining characteristic is its unparalleled range of colors. It appears in nearly every shade imaginable, from vibrant reds and blues to delicate pinks and greens, and even colorless forms. Several specific color varieties have earned their own trade names, reflecting their unique appeal. Rubellite refers to pink, red, purplish-red, orangy-red, or brownish-red tourmaline, though debate exists regarding the inclusion of pink tourmaline under this designation. Indicolite encompasses dark violetish blue, blue, or greenish blue varieties. Achroite is the rare, colorless form. Perhaps the most captivating are the parti-colored tourmalines, which display more than one color due to chemical fluctuations during crystallization, often exhibiting a striking green exterior with a red center, earning them the nickname “watermelon tourmaline.”
Beyond its color, tourmaline possesses desirable gemological properties. It registers a hardness of 7 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear in jewelry. This durability, combined with its diverse color options, contributes to its popularity among both jewelers and consumers. Interestingly, tourmaline exhibits pyroelectricity, meaning it becomes electrically charged when heated, and piezoelectricity, becoming charged under pressure. When charged, it can even act as a magnet, attracting dust particles.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, tourmaline has been imbued with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Ancient Egyptians believed that tourmaline’s diverse colors reflected its journey from the earth’s core, passing through a rainbow along the way. The gem is considered a stone of love and friendship, believed to strengthen relationships and promote longevity. Different colors are also associated with specific healing properties. Black tourmaline is thought to provide protection and enhance self-confidence, while pink tourmaline embodies compassion and gentleness. Green tourmaline is believed to promote courage, strength, and stamina. Tourmaline is also traditionally given to celebrate the eighth wedding anniversary.
Care and Maintenance
Tourmaline, with a Mohs hardness of 7 to 7.5, is generally a durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. It is typically stable under normal conditions and resistant to most chemicals. However, it is susceptible to damage from heat. Therefore, cleaning tourmaline jewelry is best accomplished with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended, as the heat and vibrations could potentially harm the stone.
Conclusion
Tourmaline stands as a testament to the beauty and complexity of the natural world. Its remarkable range of colors, coupled with its historical significance and enduring appeal, solidify its position as a cherished gemstone. As the birthstone for October, it offers a unique and personalized choice for those born in the autumn months, representing a vibrant celebration of change and individuality. Its versatility and durability ensure that tourmaline will continue to captivate and inspire for generations to come.