Turquoise, with its captivating blend of blue and green hues, holds a prominent place in the world of gemstones. Recognized as a December birthstone, this opaque gem has been prized for millennia for its beauty, perceived protective qualities, and cultural significance. While often associated with the American Southwest, its history extends far beyond, encompassing ancient civilizations and diverse traditions. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of turquoise, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The use of turquoise dates back thousands of years, with evidence of its adornment found in ancient Egypt, Persia, and among Native American cultures. Its name, derived from the French pierre turquoise meaning “Turkish stone,” reflects the historical trade routes through which it first reached Europe – arriving via Turkey from the mines of Persia (modern-day Iran).
Among Native American tribes, particularly in the southwestern United States, turquoise has held profound spiritual and cultural importance. It was not merely an ornamental stone but a sacred object used in ceremonies, believed to connect the wearer to the spirit world, and offering protection. The gem’s matrix – the dark veining often present within the stone – was considered a sign of its power and authenticity.
Turquoise’s enduring appeal is reflected in its continued use in jewelry and ornamental decorations. It remains a popular choice for beaded jewelry, reflecting a long-standing tradition, and is frequently incorporated into contemporary designs.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a phosphate mineral, a hydrated copper aluminum phosphate, and its characteristic blue-green color arises from the presence of copper. The presence of iron and chromium can influence the shade, resulting in variations from sea blue to a more greenish hue. The distinctive dark markings, known as the matrix, are composed of other minerals, often iron oxides or clay.
Historically, turquoise has been sourced from several key regions. The Mediterranean regions and the United States are specifically mentioned as significant sources. More specifically, turquoise is found in Germany, Austria, Australia, Czech Republic and the Congo, as well as the United States.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise possesses a unique set of gemological properties that define its characteristics and suitability for various applications.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O |
| Mohs Hardness | 5 to 6 |
| Color | Bluish-green to greenish-blue |
| Transparency | Opaque |
| Luster | Waxy to dull |
The Mohs hardness scale, ranging from 1 to 10 (with 10 being the hardest), places turquoise between 5 and 6. This relatively low hardness makes it susceptible to scratching and abrasion, limiting its suitability for everyday wear. It is best suited for occasional wear or collecting.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, turquoise has been imbued with a rich tapestry of symbolism and metaphysical beliefs. It is popularly believed to bestow luck and eliminate negative thoughts. In modern interpretations, it is associated with wisdom, good fortune, and protection.
Some modern sources suggest that turquoise enhances intellectual thought and decision-making, though this is not widely accepted in formal gemology. Aboriginal people in Australia hold the gem as meaningful, believing it can accelerate weight loss and support the heart.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively low hardness, turquoise requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to damage from harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and even prolonged exposure to sunlight. Cleaning should be performed gently with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Avoid abrasive cleaners or polishing compounds, as these can damage the surface of the stone. It is recommended for occasional wear only, to preserve its beauty and integrity.
Other Green Gemstones
While this article focuses on turquoise, it is important to note the existence of other green gemstones. Several other gems share a similar hue, and are sometimes confused with turquoise. Variscite, for example, is a hydrated aluminum phosphate that can be mistaken for turquoise, but typically exhibits less blue undertones and a more distinct medium green hue. Zoisite, also known as saulapite, is another green gemstone, often heat-treated to enhance its color.
Other green gemstones include emerald, green garnet, green sapphire, and tourmaline. Each possesses unique properties and symbolism, contributing to the diverse world of colored gemstones.
Conclusion
Turquoise remains a captivating gemstone, steeped in history, symbolism, and cultural significance. Its unique blend of blue and green hues, coupled with its perceived protective qualities, has ensured its enduring appeal for millennia. As a December birthstone, it offers a connection to ancient traditions and a touch of timeless elegance. While its relative softness requires careful handling, the beauty and mystique of turquoise continue to enchant collectors and jewelry enthusiasts alike.