Alexandrite stands as one of the rarest and most intriguing gemstones available today, celebrated for its remarkable color-changing ability and captivating history. Designated as a birthstone for June, alongside pearl and moonstone, and associated with the zodiac sign of Gemini, this gem holds a unique place in both the world of gemology and popular culture. Its story, from its discovery in Russia to its modern-day mining locations, is one of scientific curiosity, imperial association, and enduring allure.
History and Lore
The story of alexandrite begins in 1834 with its discovery by French mineralogist Nils Gustaf Nordenskiöld in the Ural Mountains of Russia. Initially mistaken for an emerald due to its discovery within emerald mines near the Tokovaya River, the stone was soon identified as a distinct variety of chrysoberyl, exhibiting a unique color-change phenomenon. This remarkable characteristic quickly captured the attention of the scientific community and the Russian aristocracy.
Legends surrounding the discovery link it to the birthday of Alexander II, the Russian emperor, leading to the gemstone being named in his honor. The stone’s red and green color change, mirroring the colors of the Russian imperial flag, solidified its status as the official gemstone of the Russian Empire. This association with royalty and national pride further enhanced its desirability and value.
Beyond its imperial connections, alexandrite is also associated with discipline and self-control, qualities that may reflect its stoic and enduring nature. It is also traditionally used to commemorate the fifty-fifth wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite is an exceptionally rare color-change variety of chrysoberyl, a cyclosilicate mineral composed of beryllium aluminate. Despite its name, chrysoberyl is not a member of the beryl mineral group, but rather constitutes its own independent mineral group. The color change in alexandrite is a result of its chemical composition, specifically the presence of chromium ions within the crystal structure.
The ‘alexandrite effect’ describes the stone’s ability to appear green in daylight or fluorescent light (rich in blue and green wavelengths) and red under incandescent light (rich in red and yellow wavelengths). In some instances, under a combination of both light sources, the stone can display a purple hue. This phenomenon is not unique to alexandrite, but the clarity and intensity of the color change are particularly pronounced in this gemstone.
Originally sourced from Russia’s Ural Mountains, gem-quality deposits of alexandrite have since been discovered in Brazil, Southeast Asia, and Africa. These newer sources contribute to the limited availability of this rare gem, maintaining its high value in the market.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite possesses a unique combination of gemological properties that contribute to its desirability and rarity.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Chrysoberyl |
| Chemical Formula | BeAl₂O₄ |
| Color | Green to Red |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8.5 |
| Refractive Index | 1.743 - 1.753 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.71 - 3.85 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
Its hardness of 8.5 on the Mohs scale makes it a durable gemstone suitable for various jewelry applications. Alexandrite can also exhibit a rare cat's eye effect (chatoyancy), further increasing its value. The clarity of the stone also plays a role in its value, with eye-clean stones being particularly prized.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Alexandrite is often associated with qualities such as vitality, life, passion, and fire, symbolically linked to its vibrant red color. Some believe that rubies, sharing a similar red hue, can over-stimulate sensitive or irritable individuals, a consideration when choosing this gemstone. Alexandrite is also linked to discipline and self-control, potentially reflecting its stable and enduring nature.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its high hardness, alexandrite is relatively durable and can withstand normal wear. However, as with all gemstones, it is advisable to avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and extreme temperature changes. Cleaning can be performed using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. It is important to rinse the stone thoroughly and dry it with a soft cloth.
Alexandrite in Context: Homeworld Gemstones
While primarily known within the realm of Earth-based gemology, alexandrite also appears within the fictional universe of Steven Universe. Within this context, stones, including those that could be classified as alexandrite in composition, occupy the lowest caste on the planet Homeworld. These "stones" are considered mere workers, essential for construction and labor, but treated as disposable and lacking individuality. They are often used as test subjects and subjected to harsh conditions. This portrayal highlights a stark contrast between the gemological value and the perceived worth within the hierarchical structure of Homeworld society.
Conclusion
Alexandrite remains a captivating gemstone, prized for its rarity, beauty, and unique color-changing properties. From its historical association with Russian royalty to its modern-day appeal among gemstone enthusiasts, alexandrite continues to fascinate and inspire. Its geological origins, combined with its distinctive gemological characteristics, solidify its position as a truly exceptional and valuable gemstone, and a fitting birthstone for the month of June.