Birthstones have captivated humanity for centuries, serving as symbols of luck, health, and prosperity. The practice of associating specific gemstones with each month of the year is a tradition steeped in history, evolving from ancient beliefs to modern interpretations. This article explores the fascinating world of birthstones, detailing their historical origins, associated meanings, and the gems recognized as representing each month of the year, based on established gemological and historical records.
History and Lore
The origins of birthstones can be traced back to the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus. This sacred garment, worn by the High Priest, was adorned with twelve stones representing the tribes of Israel. In the first century A.D., the Jewish historian Josephus linked these stones to the twelve signs of the zodiac, laying the groundwork for associating gems with specific times of the year. However, the connection between gemstones and birth months as we know it today didn’t fully solidify until the 18th century.
The modern birthstone list, largely standardized in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers, represents a culmination of these historical influences. This list has undergone minor revisions since, with additions like spinel for August in 2016, reflecting ongoing developments in gemological understanding and consumer preferences. It’s important to note that multiple “sets” of birthstones exist – ancient, traditional, and modern – offering a range of choices for those seeking a gem with personal significance. The United States, in particular, draws freely from both traditional and modern lists, allowing individuals to select stones based on aesthetic appeal or personal resonance.
The Monthly Birthstones
Each month is associated with one or more gemstones, each carrying its own unique symbolism and history.
January: Garnet – Representing faith and fidelity, garnet’s name derives from the Latin word “granatus,” meaning pomegranate seed, referencing the gem’s characteristic deep red color. Garnet has long been considered a stone of protection and is often associated with friendship and trust.
February: Amethyst – The February birthstone, amethyst, is believed to strengthen relationships and bestow courage upon its wearer. Ancient cultures believed amethyst prevented intoxication, both literally and metaphorically, stemming from the Greek word “amethystos,” meaning “not drunk.”
March: Aquamarine – March is represented by aquamarine, a gem associated with happiness and tranquility. Historically, bloodstone was also considered a March birthstone, representing courage.
April: Diamond – Symbolizing enduring love, the diamond has long been prized for its exceptional hardness and brilliance. It remains a consistently popular choice for engagement rings and other significant jewelry.
May: Emerald – The vibrant green emerald embodies joy and vitality. Revered for centuries, emeralds were thought to possess healing properties for the eyes.
June: Alexandrite – Alexandrite, a color-changing gem, is the modern birthstone for June. Traditionally, pearl, representing purity and sincerity, held this position. Moonstone is also sometimes associated with June.
July: Ruby – The bold red ruby is a symbol of passionate love and harmony. Its intense color and durability have made it a favorite among royalty and collectors for millennia.
August: Peridot – Peridot, a light green gem, is associated with creative expression. Historically, sardonyx also served as an August birthstone. Spinel was added as a modern option in 2016.
September: Sapphire – Representing wisdom and loyalty, sapphire is most commonly known for its deep blue hue, though it occurs in a variety of colors.
October: Tourmaline – Tourmaline, available in a wide spectrum of colors, is the modern birthstone for October. Opal, known for its play of color, traditionally held this position. Aquamarine is also sometimes associated with October.
November: Topaz – Topaz, often found in shades of orange and golden-brown, symbolizes self-confidence and kindness. Citrine is also recognized as a November birthstone.
December: Blue Zircon/Blue Topaz/Tanzanite – December boasts multiple birthstones, including blue zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite. Traditionally, turquoise and lapis lazuli were associated with this month, representing peace and calmness.
Gemological Properties
While the specific properties vary between each gemstone, some general characteristics define their value and appeal. Hardness, measured on the Mohs scale, is a crucial factor, influencing a gem’s durability and resistance to scratching. Diamonds, with a Mohs hardness of 10, are the hardest known natural substance. Garnets typically range from 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, while emeralds fall around 7.5 to 8. Color, clarity, cut, and carat weight are the “four Cs” used to assess a gemstone’s quality. Each birthstone possesses a unique combination of these properties, contributing to its individual beauty and value.
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness | Typical Color(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Garnet | 6.5-7.5 | Dark Red |
| Amethyst | 7 | Violet |
| Aquamarine | 7.5-8 | Pale Blue |
| Diamond | 10 | Clear |
| Emerald | 7.5-8 | Bright Green |
| Ruby | 9 | Bold Red |
| Sapphire | 9 | Dark Blue |
| Peridot | 6.5-7 | Light Green |
| Topaz | 8 | Orange, Golden-Brown |
| Opal | 5.5-6.5 | Play of Color |
| Tourmaline | 7-7.5 | Pink, Green, Blue |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond their aesthetic appeal, birthstones are often imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Garnet is believed to promote faith and fidelity, while amethyst is associated with temperance and deep love. Emeralds symbolize joy and vitality, and rubies represent passionate love. These beliefs, rooted in ancient traditions and folklore, continue to resonate with many today, adding another layer of significance to these beautiful gems. Some traditions even link gemstones to specific days of the week, suggesting wearing a particular stone to harness the energy of the corresponding planet.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of any gemstone. The hardness of a stone dictates its susceptibility to scratching and damage. Diamonds, being the hardest, are relatively durable, but still require careful handling. Softer stones like opal require more delicate care. Generally, cleaning birthstones involves using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, especially for stones with inclusions or treatments. Regular cleaning will help preserve the brilliance and luster of your birthstone jewelry.
Conclusion
Birthstones represent a captivating blend of history, geology, and cultural significance. From their ancient origins in the Breastplate of Aaron to their modern-day association with birth months, these gemstones continue to hold a special place in the hearts of many. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, symbolic meaning, or personal connection, birthstones offer a timeless and meaningful way to celebrate life’s milestones and express individuality. The enduring appeal of these gems lies in their ability to connect us to the past, inspire us in the present, and offer a glimpse into the future.