The tradition of associating specific gemstones with months of the year, known as birthstones, has a rich and evolving history. While the practice dates back to ancient civilizations, the standardized list most commonly recognized today began to take shape in the 18th century and was formally adopted by jewelers in the 20th. These stones are not merely beautiful adornments; they are believed to carry symbolic meanings and, historically, were thought to offer various benefits to the wearer. This article provides a detailed overview of birthstones by month, exploring both traditional and modern designations, their historical context, and associated symbolism, based on available records.
History and Lore
The origins of birthstones can be traced to the biblical era, with some historians suggesting a connection to the twelve gemstones adorning Aaron’s breastplate, representing the twelve tribes of Israel. These stones were believed to possess specific powers, leading individuals to wear them as talismans or for therapeutic purposes. The practice evolved over centuries, with different cultures attributing various gemstones to specific months.
The standardization of birthstones began in 1912 with the National Association of Jewelers, which created a modern list. This list has been updated over time, most notably with the addition of alexandrite for June in 1952 and spinel for August in 2016. The existence of both traditional and modern birthstone lists allows for personal preference and offers a wider range of options for those seeking a gemstone with particular significance. The choice between traditional and modern stones, or even selecting based on color or zodiac sign, reflects a desire for personalization and connection to the gemstone’s inherent qualities.
Monthly Birthstone Chart: A Detailed Overview
The following chart details the traditional and modern birthstones for each month, as outlined in available documentation.
| Month | Traditional Birthstone(s) | Modern Birthstone(s) |
|---|---|---|
| January | Garnet | Garnet |
| February | Amethyst | Amethyst |
| March | Bloodstone | Aquamarine, Bloodstone (UK) |
| April | Diamond | Diamond |
| May | Emerald | Emerald |
| June | Pearl, Moonstone | Pearl, Moonstone, Alexandrite |
| July | Ruby | Ruby |
| August | Sardonyx | Sardonyx, Peridot, Spinel |
| September | Sapphire | Sapphire |
| October | Opal | Opal, Tourmaline |
| November | Topaz | Topaz, Citrine |
| December | Turquoise, Lapis Lazuli | Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite |
Garnet: The Stone of January
Garnet, the birthstone for January, is consistently listed as both the traditional and modern choice for this month. It is described as a stone symbolizing friendship, vitality, and balance. Historically, red garnets were particularly valued during the Roman Empire, believed to offer protective powers to warriors and royalty. Garnets are known for their dark red color, though they can also be found in green and orange hues.
Amethyst: The February Gem
Amethyst holds a consistent position as the birthstone for February, appearing on both traditional and modern lists. It is associated with temperance and deep love.
Aquamarine and Bloodstone: The March Options
March presents a choice between two birthstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. Aquamarine is the modern designation, while bloodstone is the traditional choice. Bloodstone is also noted as the primary gem in the United Kingdom. Aquamarine is described as bringing happiness and tranquility.
Diamond: The April Stone
Diamond is universally recognized as the birthstone for April, representing enduring love. It appears on both traditional and modern lists.
Emerald: The May Gem
Emerald, with its vibrant green color, is the birthstone for May and is consistently listed as both traditional and modern. It symbolizes joy and vitality.
Pearl, Moonstone, and Alexandrite: The June Trio
June boasts the most diverse selection of birthstones: pearl, moonstone, and alexandrite. Pearl and moonstone are the traditional choices, while alexandrite was added to the modern list in 1952. These stones are associated with purity and sincerity.
Ruby: The July Birthstone
Ruby, known for its bold red hue, is the birthstone for July and is consistently listed as both traditional and modern. It symbolizes passionate love.
Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx: The August Choices
August offers a choice between peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Sardonyx is the traditional birthstone, while peridot and spinel were added as modern options, with spinel being the most recent addition in 2016.
Sapphire: The September Stone
Sapphire, typically known for its dark blue color, is the birthstone for September and is consistently listed as both traditional and modern. It symbolizes wisdom and loyalty.
Opal and Tourmaline: The October Options
October presents a choice between opal and tourmaline. Opal is the traditional birthstone, while tourmaline is the modern designation. Tourmaline is noted for its pink varieties. These stones symbolize gentleness and compassion.
Topaz and Citrine: The November Gems
November offers a choice between topaz and citrine. Topaz is the traditional birthstone, while citrine is a modern addition. These stones symbolize self-confidence and kindness.
Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, and Tanzanite: The December Trio
December has the most modern options, with blue zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite listed as modern birthstones, alongside the traditional turquoise and lapis lazuli. These stones symbolize peace and calmness.
Choosing a Birthstone: Beyond the Month
While birthstones are traditionally associated with the month of birth, individuals are encouraged to consider other factors when selecting a gemstone. These include personal preference for color, the symbolic meanings associated with different stones, and even astrological sign. The standardization of birthstones has evolved, allowing for a more personalized approach to gemstone selection. Some individuals may also choose stones based on their perceived therapeutic benefits, though such claims are not universally accepted within formal gemology.