December is uniquely represented by not one, but three birthstones: zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz. While traditionally zircon held the position as the primary December birthstone, tanzanite has gained prominence in recent decades. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism associated with these captivating gemstones, drawing solely from the provided sources.
A History of December’s Gems
The story of December’s birthstones is one of evolving traditions and shifting preferences. Zircon, with origins tracing back to the Arabic word zarkun meaning “cinnabar” or “vermilion,” and the Persian zargun, meaning “gold colored,” boasts a history steeped in both practical use and folklore. During the Middle Ages, zircon was believed to induce sleep and ward off evil spirits. Its association with wealth, wisdom, and good health is evident in its inclusion alongside eight other gems in the Hindu navaratna tradition. Victorian-era jewelry frequently featured blue zircon, particularly in English estate pieces from the 1880s.
While zircon has a long-standing connection to December, tanzanite is a more recent addition to the birthstone calendar. The sources do not provide information on the historical use of tanzanite prior to its modern discovery.
Geological Formation and Sources
The provided sources offer limited information regarding the geological formation of these gemstones. Zircon is found in a broad spectrum of colors – red, orange, yellow, brown, green, and blue – suggesting diverse geological origins. Specific mining locations are not detailed beyond a general mention of its availability in various colors.
Tanzanite’s origins are not detailed in the provided sources.
Gemological Properties of Zircon
Zircon is notable for its brilliance and “fire,” the flashes of multicolored light that can sometimes lead to confusion with diamonds. This December birthstone exhibits a wide color palette, contributing to its varied appeal. The sources do not provide specific details regarding zircon’s chemical composition, refractive index, or other precise gemological data.
Tanzanite: A Modern December Gem
The sources provide limited information on tanzanite’s gemological properties. It is noted that warm, soapy water is the best method for cleaning tanzanite, and that ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be avoided. This suggests a sensitivity to certain cleaning methods, potentially linked to its internal structure or hardness.
The Allure of Moonstone and Opal: October’s Birthstones
While the primary focus is on December birthstones, the provided sources also contain information on October’s birthstones, opal and tourmaline, and June’s birthstone, moonstone. Opal, originating in India (referred to as Upala meaning “precious stone”), is prized for its “play-of-colour,” a shifting display of rainbow shades. Ancient Greeks believed opal possessed the power to prophesy and protect against disease, while Europeans associated it with purity, hope, and truth. Bedouins believed opals contained lightning and fell from the sky during thunderstorms. Opal is traditionally given as a wedding anniversary gift for the 14th year of marriage.
Moonstone, a member of the feldspar mineral group, is renowned for its adularescence – a special glow caused by light billowing across the gemstone. The finest moonstones exhibit a blue sheen against a colorless background. Historically linked to Roman and Greek lunar deities, and in Hindu mythology believed to be solidified moonbeams, moonstone is associated with love, passion, and fertility. It experienced a resurgence in popularity during the Art Nouveau era and the 1960s “flower child” movement. Moonstone is found in the United States (New Mexico, North Carolina, and Virginia), India, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Madagascar, Myanmar, and Tanzania. It has a hardness of 6–6.5 on the Mohs scale and should not be exposed to high heat or cleaned with ultrasonic or steam cleaners.
Beyond December: April’s Alternative Birthstones
The sources also briefly touch upon April birthstones, noting that diamonds weren’t always the sole representation. Sapphires were historically designated as the April birthstone in Roman, Italian, Russian, Hebrew, and Arabic calendars. Opals and white topaz are presented as modern alternatives, often chosen for their affordability and visual similarity to diamonds. White topaz, in particular, is promoted by jewelry companies as a diamond substitute for wedding rings due to its bright sparkle when cut and faceted.
Amethyst: A Gemstone Overview
The provided sources include a list of references related to amethyst, but do not contain substantial information about the gemstone itself. The sources indicate that amethyst is a well-documented gemstone with a history spanning various cultures and scientific studies.
Pearl’s Purity and Legacy
Pearls, traditionally associated with purity, humility, and innocence, are often given as wedding gifts. Ancient Sanskrit texts claim pearls bestow long life and prosperity, while Arab physicians in the 19th century believed pearl powder improved eyesight and alleviated nervous tremors and depression. The La Peregrina, a 50.56-carat drop-shaped pearl discovered in the 1500s, became a prized possession of European royalty and was later owned by Elizabeth Taylor. Pearls are found in warm, clear waters, often far from civilization, making pearl farms located in breathtaking settings.
Care and Cleaning Considerations
The sources offer specific cleaning advice for tanzanite and moonstone. Tanzanite should be cleaned with warm, soapy water, avoiding ultrasonic and steam cleaners. Moonstone, with its lower hardness, also requires gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush, and should not be exposed to high heat. The sources do not provide specific cleaning instructions for zircon or opal.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – zircon and tanzanite – represent a blend of historical significance and modern appeal. Zircon, with its ancient roots and diverse colors, offers a connection to folklore and tradition. Tanzanite, a more recent discovery, adds a touch of contemporary elegance. The inclusion of information on other birthstones, such as opal, moonstone, and pearls, highlights the rich tapestry of gemstones and their enduring cultural significance. While the provided sources offer a glimpse into the world of these gems, further research is needed to fully understand their geological origins, gemological properties, and historical contexts.