For those born in September, a remarkable duality exists in their birthstone heritage. While sapphire reigns as the most widely recognized gem for this month, the captivating lapis lazuli holds a significant place as an alternative, steeped in ancient history and revered for its celestial hue. Both stones carry rich symbolism, a legacy of geological formation, and a lasting appeal in the world of fine jewelry. This article will explore the history, properties, and significance of both September birthstones, drawing upon available knowledge to provide a comprehensive overview.
A History Intertwined with Royalty and Belief
The history of sapphire stretches back millennia, with the gem consistently associated with nobility, faith, and protection. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed blue sapphires shielded their wearers from harm and envy. During the Middle Ages, sapphire held a sacred place within the clergy, symbolizing Heaven and representing divine favor. Sources offer accounts of ancient Persians believing the earth rested upon a colossal sapphire, responsible for the sky’s blue color. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, the September birthstone was also attributed with healing powers, believed to cure plague boils and eye diseases, and even act as an antidote to poison.
Lapis lazuli boasts an even more ancient lineage, with evidence of its use dating back 6500 years. Originating in the Afghan region, its use quickly spread throughout Asia, the Middle East, and the Roman world. Ancient cultures prized its deep blue color, valuing it alongside other blue gemstones like sapphire and turquoise. It served not only as jewelry and an amulet but also as a cosmetic – Cleopatra famously used powdered lapis as eyeshadow – a pigment, and even a medicinal remedy. The stone’s presence in the tomb of King Tutankhamun underscores its importance in ancient Egyptian culture, adorning sculptures and amulets.
Interestingly, historical texts sometimes conflated lapis lazuli with sapphire. The Old Testament, for example, likely refers to lapis lazuli when mentioning sapphire, a misnomer that persisted for some time. Marco Polo documented the lapis lazuli mines as early as 1271, highlighting the stone’s enduring value and trade routes.
Geological Origins and Varied Forms
Sapphires belong to the corundum mineral family, a crystalline form of aluminum oxide. Ruby, the red variety of corundum, is its close relative. While blue is the most iconic sapphire color, these gems occur in a stunning spectrum of hues, including pink, yellow, and green, and even colorless forms. Sapphires are formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks, and are found in various locations around the world.
Lapis lazuli, however, is not a single mineral but a metamorphic rock composed of three primary components: lazurite, pyrite, and calcite. Lazurite is responsible for the stone’s characteristic deep blue color, while pyrite manifests as golden speckles and calcite adds white intrusions. To be classified as lapis lazuli, a rock must contain at least 25% blue lazurite. The stone’s formation occurs in contact metamorphic environments, and historically, Afghanistan has been a significant source.
Gemological Properties: Durability and Distinction
Sapphires are renowned for their exceptional durability, registering a 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness – second only to diamonds. This makes them an ideal choice for everyday jewelry, resistant to scratching and abrasion. The gem’s brilliance and color are key factors in its value.
Lapis lazuli, with a hardness of 5-6 on the Mohs scale, is considerably softer than sapphire. This means it is more susceptible to scratches and requires more careful handling. Its polish is excellent, making it suitable for jewelry, but it is sensitive to pressure, heat, and harsh cleaning agents.
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties:
| Property | Sapphire | Lapis Lazuli |
|---|---|---|
| Mineral Family | Corundum | Metamorphic Rock |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 | 5-6 |
| Composition | Aluminum Oxide | Lazurite, Pyrite, Calcite |
| Color | Various, most commonly blue | Deep Blue |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous to Dull |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Associations
Throughout history, both sapphires and lapis lazuli have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Sapphires traditionally represent sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. They are often associated with royalty and romance, symbolizing fidelity and the soul.
Lapis lazuli, revered as a sacred stone since ancient times, is linked to wisdom, truth, and psychic powers. Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians called it the “Stone of Rulers,” believing it brought strength, courage, and insight. It is said to inspire honesty in communication and relieve anger and negative thoughts. Buddhists believed sapphires promoted inner peace, while in Islam, sapphires were associated with the seven heavens.
Care and Maintenance: Preserving Beauty
Due to their differing hardness levels, sapphires and lapis lazuli require distinct care routines. Sapphires, being exceptionally durable, can generally withstand regular wear. Cleaning can be performed with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
Lapis lazuli, being softer, requires more gentle handling. Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, extreme temperatures, and abrasive materials. Cleaning should be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. It is advisable to remove lapis lazuli jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities to prevent scratches or damage.
Conclusion
Both sapphire and lapis lazuli offer a captivating glimpse into the world of gemstones. Sapphire, with its enduring hardness and vibrant colors, embodies strength and fidelity. Lapis lazuli, steeped in ancient lore and boasting a celestial hue, represents wisdom and truth. Together, they form a unique and compelling birthstone pairing for those born in September, offering a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and enduring beauty.