Aquamarine, the captivating blue-green gemstone, holds a prominent place in the world of gems, particularly as the recognized birthstone for March. Revered for millennia for its clarity, color, and potential for large size, aquamarine boasts a rich history interwoven with maritime lore and symbolic meaning. This article delves into the geological origins, gemological properties, historical significance, and cultural associations of aquamarine, providing a comprehensive overview of this cherished gemstone.
History and Lore
The name “aquamarine” itself is a testament to its enduring connection with the sea, derived from the Latin words aqua (water) and marina (of the sea). While the name wasn’t formally coined until 1609, the gem, previously known as “sea-green beryl,” had been valued for centuries. Ancient mariners believed aquamarine possessed the power to calm waves and ensure safe passage, invoking the favor of Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea. This belief earned it the moniker “the sailor’s gem.” Beyond maritime protection, aquamarine was thought to bring happiness in marriage and offer protection against foes in battle and legal disputes, fostering amiability and intellectual acuity.
Historical records indicate that aquamarine has been prized across cultures. A pamphlet from the early 20th century specifically designated bloodstone as the gem for those born in March, with a poem emphasizing constancy, true friendship, and fidelity. However, standardization efforts by organizations like the National Association of Jewellers in 1912 and subsequent updates by the Jewelry Industry Council of America introduced aquamarine as an alternative, and ultimately, the primary birthstone for March in both British and American lists. Today, both aquamarine and bloodstone are recognized as March birthstones, with aquamarine often considered the “modern” choice and bloodstone the “traditional” one.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, a beryllium aluminum silicate with the chemical formula Be3Al2(Si6O18). It crystallizes in the hexagonal system and shares its mineral family with other well-known gemstones like emerald, goshenite (colorless beryl), morganite (pink beryl), and heliodor (golden beryl). The distinctive blue-green hue of aquamarine arises from the presence of iron within the beryl’s crystal structure.
Beryl, and therefore aquamarine, typically forms in pegmatites – igneous rocks formed during the final stages of magma cooling. These pegmatites often contain large crystals, allowing for the formation of sizable aquamarine specimens. While specific mining locations aren’t detailed in the provided sources, the gem’s presence within beryl deposits globally suggests a variety of sources. The sources mention that red beryl is found in Utah, implying that beryl deposits exist in that region.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine is a durable gemstone, registering between 7.5 and 8 on the Mohs hardness scale. This hardness makes it suitable for a wide range of jewelry applications, resisting scratching and abrasion in everyday wear. It exhibits an imperfect cleavage and a vitreous luster, contributing to its brilliance.
Optically, aquamarine is uniaxial negative, and some specimens display strong dichroism – meaning the gem can exhibit different colors when viewed from different angles. Its refractive index ranges from approximately 1.57 to 1.58, or 1.58 to 1.59, influencing how light interacts with the stone and contributes to its sparkle.
Aquamarine’s color ranges from pale blues and light blue-greens to more saturated sky-blue shades. Generally, the deeper and more intense the blue hue, the more valuable the stone. Lighter shades, while still beautiful, are typically less expensive. Interestingly, the color of aquamarine can appear to shift depending on the viewing angle, a phenomenon known as pleochroism, sometimes appearing green, blue, or even colorless.
Inclusions within aquamarine can include mica, hematite, and liquid-filled tubes, often containing saltwater. These liquid inclusions can expand when heated, potentially causing fractures or, in rare cases, even explosions within the gem.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, aquamarine has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Beyond its association with the sea and safe travels, it has been considered a symbol of youth, hope, health, and fidelity. Its color, reminiscent of both water and the sky, has led to associations with eternal life. The gem was believed to have a soothing influence on married couples, making it a thoughtful anniversary gift.
Modern metaphysical beliefs continue to attribute positive energies to aquamarine. It is often associated with emotional healing, clarity of thought, and courage. Some believe it can help to reduce stress, promote self-expression, and enhance communication.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively high hardness, aquamarine is a durable gemstone that can withstand regular wear. However, like all jewelry, it benefits from proper care. Cleaning aquamarine jewelry is relatively straightforward: warm water, mild soap, and a soft brush are generally sufficient to remove dirt and grime. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone or its setting. Given the potential for liquid inclusions to expand with heat, avoid prolonged exposure to high temperatures.
Conclusion
Aquamarine, with its captivating blue-green hues and rich history, remains a highly sought-after gemstone. From its ancient origins as a talisman for sailors to its modern status as the birthstone of March, aquamarine continues to inspire and enchant. Its durability, beauty, and symbolic associations make it a cherished gem for jewelry lovers and a meaningful gift for those born in the third month of the year. The enduring appeal of aquamarine lies in its ability to evoke the tranquility and vastness of the ocean, reminding us of the power and beauty of the natural world.