August boasts a trio of birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – offering a diverse palette of color and history for those born in this month. While spinel and sardonyx hold their own significance, peridot stands out as a historically prominent and uniquely formed gemstone. Valued for centuries, and sometimes mistaken for other gems like emerald and topaz, peridot possesses a captivating allure stemming from its formation in volcanic rock and even, remarkably, within meteorites. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this fascinating August birthstone.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history stretches back millennia. The name “peridot” originates from the Arabic word faridat, meaning “gem.” As early as the second century BCE, priests adorned themselves with peridot jewelry, and the gem found its way into the chalices and churches of medieval Europe. Sources indicate that the ancient Egyptians particularly prized peridot, sourcing it from the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea – a location historically known by ominous names like the Island of Death and Ophiodes due to its harsh conditions. Mining on Zabargad may have begun as early as 340–279 BCE, and the peridot from this source remains highly sought after today, with fine specimens displayed in museums worldwide.
Interestingly, historical accounts often conflated peridot with other green gemstones. The island of Topazios, believed to be the source of topaz, actually yielded peridot. This led to a long-standing misidentification, with peridot frequently referred to as topaz for centuries. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have largely consisted of peridot, highlighting the gem’s historical importance and the challenges in accurately identifying gemstones in antiquity. It is also traditionally given as a gift to celebrate a 16th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine, with a chemical formula of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, composed primarily of magnesium, iron, and silicon. The amount of iron present within the olivine structure dictates the intensity of the peridot’s green hue. The gem’s formation occurs under extreme conditions, primarily within the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, found within hardened lava flows. This origin contributes to its mystique and power, linking it to the Earth’s fiery depths.
Remarkably, peridot isn’t solely an earthly gem. It has also been discovered within Pallasite meteorites – stony-iron meteorites that formed in the asteroid belt. While these meteoritic peridots are typically small, their extraterrestrial origin adds a unique dimension to the gem’s story.
Today, peridot is sourced from various locations globally. Major sources include China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States. Hawaii also boasts a unique source: Peridot Beach, where the sands shimmer with a luminous green hue due to the presence of peridot grains.
Gemological Properties
Peridot exhibits distinct gemological properties that define its character. It is classified as a semi-precious stone. The color of peridot ranges from yellowish-green to olive green, with the most desirable stones displaying a brilliant, pure green hue without any noticeable brown or yellow tones. The color is directly related to the iron content within the olivine structure.
Peridot’s luster is vitreous, meaning it possesses a glassy sheen. It has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it moderately durable but susceptible to scratching from harder materials. Its refractive index and other optical properties contribute to its unique sparkle, often described as an “evening emerald” due to its ability to shine under both natural and artificial light. While it shouldn’t be confused with emerald, peridot possesses its own distinct characteristics.
Here's a table summarizing key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Color | Yellowish-Green to Olive Green |
| Refractive Index | Varies |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. It was historically used as a protective talisman, believed to shield the wearer from evil spirits and “terrors of the night.” Some sources suggest that peridot was thought to bestow power and influence upon its owner.
Biblical references, though sometimes debated due to historical misidentification with topaz, further contribute to its symbolic weight. The gem’s association with good fortune is evident in its modern use as a gift for 16th wedding anniversaries.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to scratches from harder materials, so it should be stored separately from diamonds, sapphires, and rubies. Cleaning peridot is relatively straightforward: warm, soapy water and a soft brush are generally sufficient to remove dirt and grime. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone. Regular cleaning will help maintain peridot’s brilliance and luster.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating August birthstone, offers a unique blend of historical significance, geological wonder, and aesthetic appeal. From its ancient origins in the Red Sea and its surprising presence in meteorites to its vibrant green hues and protective symbolism, peridot continues to fascinate and enchant. Its moderate durability requires careful handling, but its beauty and rich history make it a cherished gemstone for those born in August and beyond.