Peridot, a gemstone celebrated for its distinctive olive-green color, holds a prominent place as the birthstone for August. Revered throughout history and often mistaken for other green gems like emeralds and topaz, peridot possesses a unique allure stemming from its formation within the Earth’s mantle and even its presence in meteorites. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this captivating gemstone.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is interwoven with tales of ancient civilizations and misidentification. Throughout history, peridot has frequently been confused with other green gemstones, notably emeralds. Many “emeralds” adorning medieval European cathedral treasures, including the 200-carat gems within the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral, were later identified as peridot. This historical confusion highlights the gem’s visual similarity to its more well-known counterpart.
Ancient Egyptians held peridot in high esteem, referring to it as the “gem of the Sun.” They believed it possessed special healing powers and adorned themselves with peridot jewelry. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have actually consisted largely of peridot. The gem’s association with the sun likely stemmed from its vibrant green color, reminiscent of lush vegetation and life-giving energy.
The name “peridot” itself is believed to originate from the Arabic word “faridat,” meaning gem. The Red Sea island of Topazios, historically thought to be a source of topaz, was in fact a significant source of peridot, further contributing to the gem’s long history of misidentification. Sardonyx and spinel are also recognized as August birthstones, but peridot holds a particularly strong historical connection to the month.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄. Its formation occurs under extreme conditions, deep within the Earth’s mantle. The gem is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, specifically within hardened lava flows. Uniquely, peridot has also been discovered within pallasite meteorites – stony-iron meteorites that originated from the asteroid belt. While meteorite-sourced peridot is often too small for jewelry use, its presence underscores the gem’s cosmic origins.
Peridot is not widely distributed geographically. Significant sources include volcanic lava in Hawaii, Myanmar, Brazil, Egypt, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and the United States. The quality and shade of peridot can vary depending on its origin.
Gemological Properties
Peridot exhibits a range of gemological properties that define its unique characteristics. The gem typically displays a lime-green to olive-green color, though shades can also range from yellowish-green to brownish-green. This color is a result of the iron content within the olivine structure. Notably, peridot is one of the few gemstones that occurs in only one color, though variations in hue are common.
Key gemological properties of peridot include:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5-7 |
| Transparency | Transparent to Translucent |
| Refractive Index | 1.654-1.690 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Specific Gravity | 3.27-3.37 |
Peridot’s hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale makes it relatively durable, though it is susceptible to scratching from harder materials. Its refractive index contributes to its sparkle, often described as an “evening emerald” due to its capacity to shine under both natural and artificial light.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. It is believed to symbolize strength, good fortune, and peace. Historically, peridot was worn as a talisman against evil spirits, offering protection to its wearer. For those born in August, peridot is thought to bring good luck, prosperity, and success.
Peridot is also traditionally given as a gift for the 16th wedding anniversary, representing the enduring nature of a relationship. The gem’s association with peace and tranquility makes it a fitting symbol for a long-lasting commitment.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale, peridot requires careful handling to prevent scratches. It is advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to harsh chemicals.
Cleaning peridot jewelry is relatively straightforward. Warm, soapy water and a soft brush are generally sufficient to remove dirt and grime. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the gem. After cleaning, rinse the jewelry thoroughly with clean water and dry it with a soft cloth. Regular cleaning will help maintain peridot’s vibrant color and sparkle.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating August birthstone, stands as a testament to the Earth’s geological forces and the enduring allure of gemstones. From its ancient origins and historical misidentification to its unique gemological properties and symbolic meanings, peridot continues to fascinate and inspire. Its vibrant green hue, coupled with its association with strength, good fortune, and peace, makes it a cherished gem for those born in August and a captivating addition to any jewelry collection.