March, a month of renewal and color, is symbolically represented by two gemstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. These stones, though vastly different in appearance, share a common theme of protection and vitality. While aquamarine evokes the tranquil hues of the sea, bloodstone is a vivid symbol of life and strength. Together, they form a unique duality in the world of birthstones, each with its own history, geological makeup, and cultural significance.
This article explores the March birthstones in detail, focusing on their colors, properties, and the lore that surrounds them. By examining the sources of these gemstones, their geological formation, and the symbolism they carry, we gain a deeper understanding of why they have been cherished for centuries.
History and Lore
Ancient Beliefs and Cultural Significance
The history of aquamarine dates back to ancient times, when it was believed to have been created by the sea god Poseidon. The Greeks and Romans held the gem in high regard, associating it with the ocean and maritime protection. Sailors carried aquamarine on their voyages, believing it would calm the seas and shield them from storms. This belief in its protective powers extended beyond the sea—ancient warriors also wore aquamarine for courage and strength in battle.
Bloodstone, on the other hand, has a more terrestrial origin in terms of legend. It is often referred to as the "heliotrope," a name derived from the Greek for "turning the sun." The red flecks in the dark green matrix are thought to represent drops of Christ's blood, giving the stone a sacred and protective quality. Medieval knights and warriors wore bloodstone for courage, endurance, and protection. It was also believed to enhance physical strength and promote good health.
Both gemstones have been linked to zodiac signs. Aquamarine is associated with Pisces, while bloodstone is linked to both Pisces and Aries. This zodiac connection has further cemented their roles in both historical and modern birthstone traditions.
Transition to Modern Birthstone Status
The designation of aquamarine and bloodstone as official March birthstones is a relatively modern development. While the gemstones have been revered for their beauty and symbolism for centuries, their formal recognition as birthstones came into prominence in the 20th century. The American National Association of Jewelers (now the Jewelers of America) officially listed aquamarine as the March birthstone in the early 1900s. Bloodstone was added later as an alternative, recognizing its deep cultural roots and symbolic power.
In addition to being the birthstone for March, aquamarine also commemorates the 19th wedding anniversary, a milestone that marks a long and enduring partnership. This dual role—both as a personal birthstone and a symbol of marital longevity—highlights the versatility and enduring appeal of aquamarine.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine: A Variety of Beryl
Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, which also includes emerald (green beryl) and morganite (pink beryl). Its blue color is caused by the presence of iron within the crystal structure. The gem is typically found in pegmatite rocks, which are igneous rocks that form from the slow cooling of magma. These rocks allow for the large crystals that often contain high-quality aquamarine.
The finest aquamarine specimens are found in Brazil, particularly in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. Other notable sources include Nigeria, Madagascar, and the United States, with Colorado, Maine, and North Carolina being significant domestic producers. African sources, especially in Nigeria and Malawi, are known for producing aquamarines with stronger color saturation, allowing for smaller stones with intense hues.
Bloodstone: A Jasper with a Story
Bloodstone is a type of jasper, a microcrystalline quartz that forms in sedimentary rocks. The deep green color of bloodstone comes from chlorite or other green minerals, while the red flecks are typically iron oxide. The formation process involves the accumulation of mineral-rich sediments over time, with the iron oxide forming as a secondary mineral during weathering or oxidation.
The most historically significant source of bloodstone is the Nakhla region in India. Other notable sources include Russia, particularly the Ural Mountains, and various locations in the United States. Bloodstone has been used in jewelry and carvings for thousands of years, with ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all utilizing it in their art and adornment.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine: Clarity, Color, and Hardness
Aquamarine is known for its clarity and light blue color, which can range from pale blue-green to deep ocean blue. The gem has a refractive index of 1.56 to 1.60 and a specific gravity of 2.67 to 2.83. It ranks between 7.5 and 8 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it relatively durable but still requiring care to avoid scratches and chips.
One of the defining characteristics of aquamarine is its color. The most valuable stones are those with a pure blue or blue-green hue, as these are the most naturally occurring and aesthetically pleasing. The intensity of the color is influenced by the size of the crystal—larger stones tend to display more vibrant hues. However, some sources, particularly in Africa, produce smaller stones with intense colors that rival those of larger specimens.
Aquamarine is often heat-treated to enhance its color. This process involves heating the gem to temperatures between 350 and 500 degrees Celsius, which removes any yellow or greenish tones and enhances the blue. This treatment is permanent and does not affect the gem's durability.
Bloodstone: A Stone of Depth and Detail
Bloodstone is a cabochon-cut gemstone that is opaque to translucent. Its specific gravity is around 2.55 to 2.75, and it has a refractive index of 1.48 to 1.57. It ranks between 6.5 and 7 on the Mohs scale, making it a relatively tough stone that can withstand daily wear with proper care.
The gem's most striking feature is its deep green background with red flecks of iron oxide. These flecks are often clustered and give the stone a dynamic appearance. Bloodstone is not typically faceted, as its opaque nature makes it unsuitable for brilliant cuts. Instead, it is most commonly cut as a cabochon, which allows the color and pattern to be fully appreciated.
Bloodstone is not usually treated, as it is already a stable and durable material. However, some lower-quality stones may be dyed to enhance the red flecks or to deepen the green background. These treatments are rare and typically not valuable in the gemstone market.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Aquamarine: The Stone of Calm and Clarity
Aquamarine is often associated with calmness, clarity, and serenity. Its blue color, reminiscent of the ocean, is believed to promote peace and tranquility. In ancient times, it was thought to protect sailors and travelers, ensuring safe passage and protection from the dangers of the sea.
Metaphysically, aquamarine is linked to the throat and heart chakras. It is believed to enhance communication, encourage self-expression, and promote emotional healing. Many modern practitioners use aquamarine in meditation to help with anxiety and stress relief.
Bloodstone: The Stone of Vitality and Courage
Bloodstone is a powerful stone of vitality and courage. It is often used to enhance physical strength, endurance, and vitality. In ancient times, it was believed to be a blood purifier and a protector against injury. Knights and warriors wore it for protection in battle, and it was also used in healing practices to treat wounds and infections.
Metaphysically, bloodstone is associated with the root and heart chakras. It is believed to ground the wearer, providing a sense of stability and connection to the earth. It is also used to enhance courage, resolve, and willpower, making it a popular stone for those facing challenges or difficult decisions.
Care and Cleaning
Aquamarine: Gentle Handling for Long-Lasting Beauty
Aquamarine is a relatively durable gemstone, but it can still be damaged if not handled properly. Its hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale makes it suitable for most types of jewelry, but it is more susceptible to chipping or cracking than harder gems like sapphire or ruby.
To clean aquamarine, it is best to use warm soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe, but they should be used with caution, as they can sometimes damage the stone if it has inclusions or fractures. Professional cleaning is recommended for valuable or antique pieces.
Aquamarine should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches. It should also be kept away from harsh chemicals, as these can dull its luster.
Bloodstone: A Durable and Practical Stone
Bloodstone is a tough gemstone that can withstand daily wear and tear. Its hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale makes it suitable for rings, pendants, and other types of jewelry. However, it is opaque, so it does not reflect light in the same way as transparent gems.
To clean bloodstone, it is best to use a soft cloth and mild soap. Harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners are generally not recommended, as they can damage the surface of the stone. Bloodstone should be stored in a soft cloth or pouch to prevent scratching.
Conclusion
The March birthstones, aquamarine and bloodstone, are two of the most fascinating and meaningful gemstones in the world of birthstones. Aquamarine, with its tranquil blue hues and association with the sea, has been a symbol of calm, clarity, and protection for centuries. Bloodstone, with its deep green background and red flecks, is a powerful symbol of vitality, courage, and endurance.
Both gemstones have rich histories, unique geological properties, and deep cultural significance. Whether worn for their beauty, their symbolism, or their protective qualities, they continue to be cherished by gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers around the world.
Understanding the properties, origins, and lore of these stones not only enhances their value but also deepens our appreciation for the natural world and the stories that have been told about them for generations.