For centuries, gemstones have captivated humanity with their beauty, rarity, and perceived mystical properties. The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month of the year, known as birthstones, has a rich and evolving history. While the concept dates back to ancient times, the standardized list of birthstones most commonly used today originated in 1912 with the National Association of Jewelers, and has been updated periodically since then. This article provides a detailed overview of birthstones, exploring their historical origins, modern interpretations, and gemological characteristics, as understood through established gemological and historical sources.
History and Lore
The origins of associating gemstones with specific periods can be traced back to the biblical era. The Book of Exodus describes the Breastplate of Aaron, adorned with twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. Scholars later connected these stones to the twelve signs of the Greco-Roman zodiac, establishing an early link between gemstones and the time of year. This association further evolved in the eighth and ninth centuries, with stones becoming linked to the Twelve Apostles, prompting a practice of wearing a different stone each month to honor them.
Over time, these customs shifted and evolved, but a standardized list wasn’t established until the early 20th century. In 1912, a US jewelers’ organization formally designated a birthstone for each month, a list that has been maintained and slightly modified since. Updates occurred in 1952 with the addition of alexandrite for June and pink tourmaline for October, and again in 2016 when spinel was added as a birthstone for August.
It’s important to note the existence of both traditional and modern birthstone lists. Traditional birthstones have deep historical and cultural roots, while modern birthstones were standardized by the Jewelers of America to provide a more consistent and commercially viable system. Today, individuals often choose from either list, selecting the stones that resonate with them personally.
Modern and Traditional Lists Compared
The following chart details the modern and traditional birthstones for each month, as outlined by various sources:
| Month | Modern Birthstone(s) | Traditional Birthstone(s) |
|---|---|---|
| January | Garnet | Garnet |
| February | Amethyst | Amethyst |
| March | Aquamarine, Bloodstone (UK) | Bloodstone |
| April | Diamond | Diamond |
| May | Emerald | Emerald |
| June | Pearl, Moonstone, Alexandrite | Pearl, Moonstone |
| July | Ruby | Ruby |
| August | Peridot, Spinel | Sardonyx |
| September | Sapphire | Sapphire |
| October | Opal, Tourmaline | Opal |
| November | Citrine, Topaz | Topaz |
| December | Turquoise, Tanzanite, Blue Zircon | Turquoise, Lapis Lazuli |
The availability and cost of gemstones also influence choices. Traditional gems like turquoise and cultivated pearls can be more affordable and readily available than some of their modern counterparts, contributing to their continued popularity.
Gemological Properties: A Focus on August’s Birthstones
To illustrate the gemological diversity within the birthstone spectrum, let's examine the two birthstones for August: spinel and peridot.
Spinel: Once mistaken for ruby and sapphire, spinel was recognized as a distinct mineral in the late 19th century. It boasts a remarkable range of colors, appearing in shades of red, pink, blue, green, and even black. Highly valued for its brilliance and durability, spinel scores between 7.5 and 8 on the Mohs scale of hardness. The most prized spinels exhibit a vibrant red or pink hue, rivaling the appearance of ruby, and are often used as a more accessible alternative. Spinel is found in various locations worldwide, including Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Myanmar.
Peridot: This stunning gemstone is known for its distinctive bright green color, a result of its iron content. Peridot is a variety of olivine mineral, formed deep within the Earth’s mantle. Ranking 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale, peridot is relatively durable but requires careful handling. Significant sources of peridot include Egypt, Myanmar, and the United States. Historically, peridot was sometimes mistaken for emerald, as evidenced by accounts of Cleopatra’s favorite gemstone potentially being peridot rather than emerald.
The Mohs scale provides a comparative measure of a mineral’s resistance to scratching. The following table illustrates the hardness of some common birthstones:
| Birthstone | Mohs Scale |
|---|---|
| Diamond (Apr.) | 10 |
| Sapphire (Sept.) | 9 |
| Ruby (Jul.) | 9 |
| Alexandrite (Jun.) | 8.5 |
| Topaz (Nov.) | 8 |
| Spinel (Aug.) | 7.5-8 |
| Peridot (Aug.) | 6.5-7 |
| Emerald (May) | 7.5-8 |
| Aquamarine (Mar.) | 7.5-8 |
| Garnet (Jan.) | 6.5-7.5 |
| Opal (Oct.) | 5.5 |
| Pearl (Jun.) | 2.5 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. While these beliefs are not scientifically validated, they remain a significant aspect of the birthstone tradition. Spinel, for example, is believed to enhance vitality, promote positive energy, and foster a sense of peace and calm. Peridot is associated with promoting positivity, happiness, and confidence, and was historically thought to ward off evil spirits and protect against nightmares.
The original association of gemstones with the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve apostles further imbued them with religious and spiritual significance. Wearing a birthstone was often seen as a way to connect with divine power or to benefit from the stone’s specific energies.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of any gemstone. The hardness of a gemstone, as measured by the Mohs scale, is a key factor in determining its susceptibility to scratching and damage. Diamonds, sapphires, and rubies, with their high hardness ratings, are relatively durable and can withstand everyday wear. However, softer gemstones like pearls and opals require more delicate handling.
Generally, gemstones can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, especially for gemstones with inclusions or treatments. Pearls are particularly sensitive and should be wiped clean with a soft, damp cloth. Regular cleaning and careful storage will help preserve the brilliance and beauty of your birthstone jewelry.
Conclusion
Birthstones represent a fascinating intersection of history, geology, and cultural belief. From their ancient origins in religious texts to their modern standardization by jewelers, these gemstones continue to hold a special place in the hearts of many. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, symbolic meaning, or perceived metaphysical properties, birthstones remain a popular and enduring tradition, offering a personalized connection to the natural world and a celebration of individual identity.