December, a month steeped in tradition and celebration, boasts a unique distinction in the world of gemstones: not one, but three birthstones – turquoise, blue topaz, and tanzanite. These gems, each with its own captivating history, geological origins, and symbolic meaning, offer a diverse range of options for those born in the final month of the year, or for those seeking a meaningful gift during the holiday season. The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months evolved from ancient beliefs in their powers, and today, these stones are cherished for their beauty and the sentiments they represent.
History and Lore
The concept of birthstones dates back centuries, with early civilizations attributing mystical powers to gemstones worn during specific times of the year. Some believed wearing the correct stone could bestow awesome powers, aligning with zodiac signs and influencing fate. While the practice has evolved, the tradition of honoring one’s birth month with a gemstone persists. December’s association with multiple stones reflects a rich and varied history.
Turquoise, one of the oldest gemstones known to humanity, has been valued for thousands of years across numerous cultures. Its name itself originates from its journey to Europe through Turkish markets, though the stone was initially found in Persia and along the Sinai Peninsula. Ancient civilizations prized turquoise for protection, luck, and friendship. Blue topaz, while also possessing a long history, gained prominence in the 18th century among European royalty, particularly Brazilian topaz. Tanzanite, the newest of the three, was only discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s, quickly gaining popularity for its unique color-shifting properties.
December is also linked to guardian angels and apostles within religious traditions. Humiel, responsible for dignity, innocence, and persistence, is associated with Beryl as a birthstone, while St. Paul, a patron of theologians, is linked to Sapphire. These connections further enrich the symbolic landscape of December’s gemstones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December’s birthstones originates through distinct geological processes. Turquoise, a semi-translucent gem, is a unique combination of copper and aluminum phosphate. It forms where acidic groundwater interacts with minerals containing aluminum and phosphorus, creating the characteristic blue-green hue. The color is influenced by the presence of copper (for blue) and iron (for green).
Blue topaz forms within igneous rocks, often granites and rhyolites, and is found in various locations around the world. Brazilian topaz, in particular, was highly sought after in the 18th century.
Tanzanite, however, is exceptionally rare, found only in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Its formation requires specific geological conditions, contributing to its limited supply. The gem was originally discovered by local herders, adding to its mystique.
Gemological Properties
The three December birthstones exhibit a range of gemological properties, contributing to their individual appeal.
Turquoise: This opaque stone ranges in color from brilliant blue to green, often displaying veined patterns due to the remnants of the host rock. Its chemical composition is copper aluminum phosphate.
Blue Topaz: Available in shades from light sky blue to deep London blue, topaz is known for its clarity and brilliance.
Tanzanite: This mesmerizing gemstone is celebrated for its trichroism – the ability to display different colors depending on the viewing angle. It exhibits shades of blue, violet, and even burgundy.
Here's a comparative table of key properties:
| Property | Turquoise | Blue Topaz | Tanzanite |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) |
| Color | Blue to Green | Blue | Blue, Violet, Burgundy |
| Transparency | Opaque | Transparent | Transparent |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5-6 | 8 | 6.5-7 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Turquoise has long been associated with protection, luck, and friendship. Blue topaz symbolizes faithfulness, eternal love, and wisdom. It was believed to promote good health and a calm mind, and even guard against evil forces. Tanzanite, a more recent addition to the birthstone family, is often linked to spiritual growth, transformation, positivity, truth, and a connection to the higher self.
In the Middle Ages, topaz was thought to heal mental and physical ailments and even prevent death. Egyptians wore it as an amulet for protection against injury. These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, contribute to the enduring appeal of these gemstones.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of December’s birthstones requires understanding their individual properties. Turquoise, being relatively soft (5-6 on the Mohs scale), is susceptible to scratches and should be handled with care. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth is recommended.
Blue topaz, with a hardness of 8, is more durable and can withstand more rigorous cleaning. However, it’s still advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners.
Tanzanite, with a hardness of 6.5-7, is also relatively durable but can be brittle. Avoid sudden temperature changes and ultrasonic cleaners. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth is the best approach.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, blue topaz, and tanzanite – represent a captivating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the modern discovery of tanzanite, each gem offers a unique story and a connection to the spirit of the holiday season. Whether chosen to honor a December birthday or as a meaningful gift, these stones embody beauty, luck, and enduring sentiment. Their diverse colors and properties provide a range of options for those seeking a gemstone that resonates with their personal style and beliefs.