November is unique among the birthstone calendar for possessing two recognized gemstones: citrine and yellow topaz. Both offer a warm, inviting glow, reflecting the transition from autumn’s vibrant hues to the approaching winter months. While yellow topaz historically held prominence, citrine has gained considerable popularity as a modern alternative, largely due to its accessibility and appealing color. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of these two November birthstones, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The history of both citrine and yellow topaz is intertwined, often marked by misidentification. Before advancements in gemological science, yellow and brown gems were frequently referred to simply as “topaz,” leading to a shared attribution of properties and beliefs. Citrine, a variety of quartz, has been used in jewelry for thousands of years, with ancient Greeks carving ornaments from rock crystal that mimicked frost. Roman pontiffs adorned themselves with rings set with amethyst and citrine. Similarly, topaz was valued in antiquity; the ancient Greeks believed it bestowed strength upon the wearer.
From the 1300s to the 1600s, Europeans considered topaz capable of thwarting magic spells and dispelling anger. In India, wearing topaz above the heart was thought to ensure a long life, beauty, and intelligence. Citrine, due to its historical confusion with topaz, inherited these beliefs, being considered a stone that could soothe tempers and bring tranquility.
Citrine gained particular prominence in Scottish jewelry during the Victorian era, often mistaken for topaz at the time. It is also traditionally given as the gemstone for the thirteenth wedding anniversary. Topaz, meanwhile, commemorates the 4th, 19th, and 23rd anniversaries. The name “topaz” itself may originate from the Sanskrit word tapas, meaning “fire,” or from the Greek topazos.
Geological Formation and Sources
Citrine is a variety of quartz, a widely abundant mineral. However, naturally occurring citrine is relatively rare. The majority of citrine available today is created by heat-treating smoky quartz, a common practice accepted within the gem industry, often performed on-site at mines. The gem’s yellow color arises from the presence of small amounts of iron within its chemical structure. Citrine is mined in Bolivia, Spain, Madagascar, Mexico, and Uruguay.
Topaz, on the other hand, forms in igneous rocks and is found in alluvial deposits. Major sources of topaz include Brazil, Namibia, Nigeria, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the United States, and historically, Russia – where the “Imperial” variety acquired its name in honor of the Russian monarchy. Imperial topaz, the rarest and most prized variety, exhibits a rich golden hue, medium to reddish-orange in color, and high saturation. Genuine Imperial topaz originates primarily from Brazil, though historical deposits were also found in Russia. Any topaz labeled “Imperial” that has undergone treatment is not considered authentic.
Gemological Properties
Both citrine and yellow topaz possess distinct gemological properties. Citrine, being a quartz, has a Mohs hardness of 7, making it relatively durable for everyday wear. Topaz, with a Mohs hardness of 8, is slightly more resistant to scratching. However, topaz has poor toughness, meaning it is more prone to chipping or cracking than citrine.
Yellow topaz ranges in color from golden yellow to reddish-orange. The most desirable shade is often referred to as “golden topaz” or “Imperial topaz.” Citrine displays shades of yellow and orange, with the intensity of color varying depending on the iron content.
A comparison of key properties is shown below:
| Property | Citrine (Quartz) | Yellow Topaz |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | SiO₂ | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ |
| Mohs Hardness | 7 | 8 |
| Toughness | Good | Poor |
| Color | Yellow to Orange | Yellow to Reddish-Orange |
| Transparency | Transparent | Transparent |
The vast majority of blue topaz seen today is created by treating colorless topaz with irradiation and heating. A rainbow effect, seen in “Mystic Topaz,” is achieved by coating colorless topaz with a thin artificial film.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both citrine and yellow topaz are associated with positive energies and symbolism. Citrine is believed to bring good luck, good fortune, and warmth to the wearer. Modern interpretations also classify it as a bearer of wealth, prosperity, and wisdom. It is thought to promote calm, balance, and serenity.
Topaz, historically, was believed to possess protective qualities, warding off evil and promoting strength. It is also associated with intelligence and beauty. For centuries, Indians believed that wearing topaz above the heart would ensure a long life. Some modern sources suggest citrine can pacify fiery tempers and calm the senses, while topaz is believed to be a stone of abundance and manifestation.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of both citrine and yellow topaz. Topaz, due to its poor toughness, requires careful handling to avoid chipping or cracking. Steam cleaning and ultrasonic cleaners should be avoided. Warm, soapy water is the best method for cleaning topaz. High heat or sudden temperature changes can cause internal fractures. Prolonged exposure to heat or sunlight may cause fading in some yellow-to-brown topaz gems. Topaz may also be affected by certain chemicals. The coating on “Mystic Topaz” is particularly delicate and can be removed by abrasive cleaners or buffing wheels; only a mild soap solution should be used for cleaning.
Citrine is more durable and can withstand slightly more rigorous cleaning. However, it is still advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Warm, soapy water and a soft brush are sufficient for maintaining its brilliance.
Conclusion
Citrine and yellow topaz both represent the warmth and transition of November. While historically intertwined, they have emerged as distinct and cherished birthstones, each offering unique properties and symbolism. Citrine’s accessibility and vibrant color have contributed to its rising popularity, while yellow topaz continues to be valued for its durability and historical significance. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, metaphysical properties, or personal connection, these golden gemstones provide a beautiful and meaningful representation of the November birth month.