December boasts a remarkable array of birthstones – turquoise, blue topaz, zircon, and tanzanite – offering a spectrum of color and history for those born in the final month of the year. While blue is the generally accepted color associated with December birthstones, each gem possesses unique characteristics, lore, and origins. This article will delve into the fascinating world of these December birthstones, exploring their geological formation, historical significance, and enduring symbolism.
A Quartet of December Gems
Unlike many months linked to a single birthstone, December presents a choice of four captivating gems. Turquoise, with its ancient roots, stands as one of the oldest known birthstones. Blue topaz, a popular modern choice, offers a dazzling sky-blue hue. Zircon, often mistaken for diamond, displays incredible sparkle and a range of colors. Finally, tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery, captivates with its violet-blue shades. Each stone captures a different facet of December’s beauty, providing a diverse selection for personal preference and symbolic meaning.
History and Lore: From Ancient Pharaohs to Modern Gifts
The history of December birthstones spans millennia. Turquoise holds the distinction of being one of the oldest birthstones, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt around 5500 BCE. Pharaohs and rulers adorned themselves with turquoise, believing it possessed beneficial powers, guaranteeing health and good fortune. Chinese artisans also carved turquoise more than 3,000 years ago. From the 13th century onward, it was believed to protect the wearer from falls, even breaking into pieces at the approach of disaster. In Hindu traditions, beholding turquoise after a new moon was thought to ensure wealth. The name “turquoise” itself originates from the French phrase “pierre tourques,” meaning “Turkish stone,” reflecting its passage through Turkish bazaars into Europe.
Blue topaz, while known for centuries, gained prominence as a December birthstone more recently. Historically, topaz was associated with strength and protection, stemming from the belief that its name originated from the Sanskrit word “tapas,” meaning fire. In modern times, it symbolizes love and fidelity, making it a popular choice for romantic gifts.
Zircon’s history is less explicitly detailed in the provided sources, but its brilliance has long been recognized, often leading to confusion with diamonds.
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered relatively recently in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro. Its unique violet-blue hues quickly established it as a sought-after gem.
Geological Formation and Sources
The formation and sourcing of these birthstones vary considerably. Turquoise typically develops in rock located near water tables, specifically in arid and semi-arid environments. The chemicals that compose turquoise leach from adjacent rock through groundwater and rain. Notable turquoise mining locations include Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Iran, China, Mexico, the Middle East, and Kazakhstan.
Blue topaz is often created through heat treatment of colorless topaz, as naturally occurring blue topaz is rare. The sources for colorless topaz, which is then treated, are not specified in the provided materials.
Turquoise forms in veins within rock, and its color is influenced by the presence of copper (resulting in sky-blue hues) and iron (producing greenish tones). The presence of matrix, remnants of the host rock, adds unique character to each piece.
Tanzanite’s origin is specifically linked to the Merelani Hills in Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. Zircon’s geological origins and specific mining locations are not detailed in the provided sources.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of these December birthstones contribute to their distinct appeal. Turquoise ranges from blue to green, often displaying black or brown matrix veins. Its Mohs hardness is 5-6, making it a relatively soft gemstone susceptible to scratches and discoloration from oils and moisture.
Blue topaz, known for its clear sky-blue to deep London Blue shades, is a popular choice for its durability and brilliance. The sources do not provide specific details on its chemical composition or refractive index.
Zircon exhibits a range of colors, including rainbow varieties, and is prized for its sparkle. However, its specific gemological properties are not detailed in the provided materials.
Tanzanite is characterized by its bluish-purple hues. The sources do not provide details on its chemical composition or hardness.
Here's a table summarizing the limited gemological data available from the sources:
| Gemstone | Color Range | Mohs Hardness | Notable Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to Green, with matrix | 5-6 | Susceptible to discoloration |
| Blue Topaz | Sky Blue to Deep London Blue | Not Specified | Durable, brilliant |
| Zircon | Rainbow Varieties | Not Specified | Often mistaken for diamond |
| Tanzanite | Bluish-Purple | Not Specified | Unique violet-blue hues |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these December birthstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Turquoise has long been revered for its spiritual and healing powers, representing protection, good fortune, and peace of mind. It is considered a symbol of success and prosperity, and in some cultures, a love charm. Receiving turquoise as a gift symbolizes affection, a belief famously depicted in Shakespeare’s “The Merchant of Venice.” Turquoise is also popular in Russian wedding rings.
Blue topaz symbolizes love and fidelity, making it a fitting gift for romantic occasions. Historically, it was associated with strength and protection.
While the sources do not detail specific metaphysical beliefs associated with zircon or tanzanite, their vibrant colors and unique origins contribute to their overall appeal and symbolic value. Turquoise is thought to bring prosperity to those who wear it.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively soft nature, turquoise requires careful handling. It is susceptible to scratches and discoloration from oils, cosmetics, and even perspiration. Cleaning turquoise jewelry should be done gently with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners.
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for blue topaz, zircon, or tanzanite, but generally, gemstones should be cleaned with mild soap and water and a soft brush. Avoid abrasive cleaners and extreme temperature changes.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – turquoise, blue topaz, zircon, and tanzanite – represent a diverse and captivating collection of gems. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the modern appeal of blue topaz and the recent discovery of tanzanite, each stone carries a unique history, symbolism, and geological story. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, historical significance, or perceived metaphysical properties, these December birthstones offer a dazzling palette of options for those born in the final month of the year.