December is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but four recognized birthstones: blue topaz, turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite. Each of these gems offers a distinct hue and history, providing a diverse range of options for those born in the final month of the year. From the ancient protective qualities attributed to turquoise to the modern appeal of tanzanite, these gemstones embody the beauty and spirit of the winter season. This article will delve into the origins, properties, and significance of each of these December birthstones, offering a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand their unique characteristics.
A History of Choice
The selection of multiple birthstones for December reflects a historical evolution in gemological tradition. Initially, turquoise and zircon were the primary stones associated with the month. However, as industry demands and cultural preferences shifted, blue topaz was added as a more affordable and readily available option. More recently, in 2002, tanzanite joined the list, bringing a rare and luxurious element to the December birthstone collection. This expansion demonstrates how birthstone associations are not static, but rather evolve alongside societal trends and gemological discoveries.
Turquoise: Ancient Protection and Enduring Appeal
Turquoise, a semi-translucent to opaque gem, ranges in color from blue to green, often displaying distinctive veins of matrix – remnants of the rock in which it formed. This December birthstone holds a particularly rich history, cherished for millennia across numerous cultures. Ancient Egyptians adorned themselves with turquoise, while Chinese artisans carved it over 3,000 years ago.
Throughout history, turquoise was believed to possess protective powers. From the 13th century onward, it was thought to safeguard wearers from falls, particularly while riding horses, and was even believed to fracture as a warning of impending disaster. In Hindu mysticism, viewing turquoise after beholding the new moon was thought to guarantee wealth. This long-held belief in its protective qualities underscores the enduring appeal of turquoise as a symbol of good fortune and well-being.
Zircon: A Rainbow of Colors and Ancient Origins
Zircon presents a more varied spectrum of colors than the other December birthstones. While blue zircon is the most popular variety today, it naturally occurs in shades of green, yellow, orange, red, and even colorless. The name "zircon" originates from the Sanskrit word for "fire," hinting at its inherent brilliance.
The quality of zircon is categorized by whether it is “low” or “high.” “Low zircon” is the oldest and most altered, often appearing cloudy and in shades of orange, yellow, green, or brownish-green. “High zircon” is less altered and typically displays blue, colorless, or brownish-orange hues, and is the type most commonly used in jewelry. It’s important to note that radioactive elements within zircon can cause changes to its crystalline structure and color over time, a process known as metamictization. However, jewelry typically contains “high zircon” which is less susceptible to these changes.
Blue Topaz: Modern Brilliance and Versatility
Blue topaz is a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine, characterized by its glass-like luster and deep cleavage. While naturally occurring blue topaz exists, the vast majority of commercially available blue topaz is created by irradiating naturally colorless topaz. This treatment results in a range of blue shades, including the deep, inky hues of London Blue topaz, the vibrant medium light blue of Swiss Blue topaz, and the light aqua shades of Sky Blue topaz.
London Blue topaz, in particular, is highly prized by collectors for its rich, dark color. Despite its somewhat delicate nature due to its cleavage, blue topaz remains a favorite among jewelers and designers for its affordability, versatility, and availability in numerous shapes and sizes. Its chemical formula is Al2SiO4(F,OH)4, and it exhibits strong chemical bonding, making it harder than many other silicate minerals.
Tanzanite: A Relatively Recent Discovery
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania in 1967. This gem is known for its striking blue to bluish-purple color, and its trichroism – the ability to display different colors when viewed from different angles. Tanzanite’s rarity contributes to its value and desirability.
Gemological Properties at a Glance
The following table summarizes key gemological properties of the December birthstones:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | 5-6 | Blue to Green, often with matrix | Opaque |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | 6.5-7.5 | Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red, Colorless | Transparent to Opaque |
| Blue Topaz | Al2SiO4(F,OH)4 | 8 | Shades of Blue | Transparent |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | 6.5-7 | Blue to Bluish-Purple | Transparent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the December birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings. Turquoise is often associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. Zircon is believed to promote wisdom, honor, and prosperity. Blue topaz symbolizes love, loyalty, and intellectual pursuits. Tanzanite is thought to enhance intuition, spiritual awareness, and transformation. These symbolic associations add another layer of significance to these beautiful gemstones, making them meaningful gifts and personal treasures.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of December birthstones. Turquoise, being relatively soft, is susceptible to scratches and should be protected from harsh chemicals and impacts. Zircon, while harder, can be brittle and should be handled with care. Blue topaz, with its perfect cleavage, requires gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Tanzanite is also relatively soft and should be protected from scratches and extreme temperature changes. Regular cleaning with mild soap and water will help preserve the brilliance of all four gemstones.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—blue topaz, turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite—offer a breathtaking array of colors, histories, and meanings. From the tranquil blues of blue topaz and zircon to the earthy elegance of turquoise and the velvety allure of tanzanite, these gemstones embody the beauty and spirit of December. Each stone has its unique charm, whether it’s the calming energy of blue topaz, the ancient protective powers of turquoise, the fiery brilliance of zircon, or the transformative symbolism of tanzanite. These birthstones are more than just beautiful—they are steeped in rich traditions and cultural significance, making them meaningful gifts for loved ones or personal treasures for those born in December. Their versatility allows them to shine in a variety of styles, from bold statement pieces to delicate everyday jewelry.