The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month of the year—birthstones—is a practice steeped in history and evolving beliefs. While modern lists are standardized, the origins of this custom trace back to ancient times, with interpretations varying across cultures and eras. This article explores the world of birthstones, detailing traditional and modern associations, alongside a wealth of alternatives, drawing upon historical accounts and contemporary classifications.
History and Lore
The concept of linking gemstones to specific periods, and ultimately to months, has roots in biblical history. Historian Flavius Josephus, writing between 340-420 AD, connected twelve gemstones to the twelve tribes of Israel, referencing a breastplate worn by Aaron, Moses’ brother. This breastplate was said to be adorned with stones including carnelian, chrysolite, emerald, turquoise, sapphire, amethyst, jacinth, agate, crystal (quartz), beryl, lapis lazuli, and jasper. However, the precise identification of these stones is debated, as ancient descriptions often relied on color rather than precise chemical composition; for example, peridot was frequently mistaken for emerald.
The practice of associating a single stone with each month developed gradually over the 8th and 9th centuries. George Frederick Kunz, a prominent American mineralogist, proposed that Josephus’s reference was to the breastplate of the Second Temple, rather than Aaron’s, adding nuance to the historical understanding. This evolving tradition ultimately laid the groundwork for the modern birthstone system.
Traditional and Modern Birthstone Charts
Over time, the list of birthstones has been refined and standardized. In 1912, the Jewelers of America established a modern birthstone list, which has been updated periodically to reflect gemstone availability, market trends, and consumer preferences. This resulted in a divergence between traditional and modern birthstone associations.
The following chart summarizes both traditional and modern birthstone assignments:
| Month | Traditional Birthstone(s) | Modern Birthstone(s) |
|---|---|---|
| January | Garnet | Garnet |
| February | Amethyst | Amethyst |
| March | Bloodstone | Aquamarine, Bloodstone (UK) |
| April | Diamond | Diamond |
| May | Emerald | Emerald |
| June | Pearl, Moonstone | Pearl, Moonstone, Alexandrite |
| July | Ruby | Ruby |
| August | Sardonyx | Sardonyx, Peridot, Spinel |
| September | Sapphire | Sapphire |
| October | Opal | Opal, Tourmaline |
| November | Topaz | Topaz, Citrine |
| December | Turquoise | Turquoise, Zircon, Tanzanite |
Notably, June, August, October, and December offer multiple modern birthstone options, providing greater choice for individuals seeking a gemstone with specific aesthetic or symbolic qualities. Recent additions to the modern list include spinel (added for August in 2016) and tanzanite (added for December in 2002).
Alternative Birthstones: Expanding the Options
Beyond the traditional and modern lists, a variety of alternative birthstones are associated with different astrological signs, guardian angels, and even the day or hour of one’s birth. This offers a personalized approach to selecting a gemstone.
Zodiacal Associations
Alternative birthstones can be chosen based on one’s zodiac sign:
| Zodiac Sign | Gem |
|---|---|
| Aquarius | Garnet |
| Pisces | Amethyst |
| Aries | Bloodstone |
| Taurus | Sapphire |
| Gemini | Agate |
| Cancer | Emerald |
| Leo | Onyx |
| Virgo | Carnelian |
| Libra | Chrysolite |
| Scorpio | Beryl |
| Sagittarius | Topaz |
| Capricorn | Ruby |
It is important to note that the term “chrysolite” historically encompassed yellow-green chrysoberyl, peridot, and prehnite, but is no longer used as a distinct gemological term.
Guardian Angel Associations
Another system links birthstones to guardian angels:
| Month | Gem | Guardian Angel |
|---|---|---|
| January | Onyx | Gabriel |
| February | Jasper | Barchiel |
| March | Ruby | Malchediel |
Gemological Properties and Significance
While the sources do not provide detailed gemological properties for each stone, they highlight the cultural significance and perceived powers associated with several birthstones.
Topaz, the November birthstone, was historically linked to wealth, beauty, strength, and protection. Today, yellow topaz is often associated with friendship.
Turquoise, the December birthstone, has long been considered a talisman for luck and protection, holding deep cultural significance in Native American traditions.
Peridot, the August birthstone, is sometimes referred to as “The Space Gem” due to its presence in meteorites and even on the Moon. It is believed to bring happiness and a sense of destiny.
Sapphire, the September birthstone, was once reserved for royalty and believed to facilitate communication with the divine. Sapphire rings are traditionally associated with 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries.
Opal, the October birthstone, is a mysterious rainbow-colored jewel with connections to luck and magic, though its scientific formation remains unknown.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for each birthstone. However, general gemstone care principles apply. The durability of a birthstone will vary depending on its hardness and other properties. For example, diamonds (April) are exceptionally hard and resistant to scratching, while pearls (June) are relatively soft and require gentle handling.
Conclusion
Birthstones represent a fascinating intersection of history, culture, and gemology. From their origins in ancient religious texts to their modern standardization by the jewelry industry, these gemstones continue to hold symbolic meaning for individuals around the world. The availability of both traditional and modern birthstones, along with a wide range of alternatives, allows for a personalized connection to these beautiful and enduring treasures. The enduring appeal of birthstones lies not only in their aesthetic beauty but also in the rich tapestry of lore and belief that surrounds them.