August is a unique month in the world of birthstones, celebrated with not one, but three distinct gemstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each gem carries its own rich history, symbolism, and aesthetic appeal, offering a diverse range of options for those born in the eighth month of the year. While sardonyx traditionally held the position as the sole August birthstone, peridot gained recognition in 1912, and spinel was officially added in 2016, broadening the choices and enhancing appreciation for this often-overlooked gem. This article will delve into the origins, properties, and significance of each of these August birthstones.
A Historical Perspective
The story of August birthstones is one of evolving gemological understanding and cultural preference. For centuries, sardonyx was the recognized birthstone for the month. This layered gemstone, composed of sard and onyx – both varieties of chalcedony – was prized by ancient civilizations for its unique banding and symbolic meaning. Ancient Greeks and Romans utilized sardonyx in amulets, cameos, and seals, believing it conferred strength, courage, and success in battle, as well as enhancing communication skills.
However, as gemological knowledge advanced and a wider variety of gemstones became identifiable, the list of birthstones underwent revisions. The National Association of Jewelers, now known as Jewelers of America, officially recognized peridot as an additional August birthstone in 1912. This change reflected a growing appreciation for peridot’s vibrant green hue and its historical significance. More recently, in 2016, Jewelers of America and the American Gem Trade Association added spinel to the August lineup, aiming to increase awareness and appreciation for this gem, which had often been mistaken for ruby.
Peridot: The “Gem of the Sun”
Peridot, perhaps the most well-known of the August birthstones, is celebrated for its distinctive yellowish-green to olive-green color. This vibrant hue is due to the presence of iron within its chemical composition. Uniquely, peridot is one of the few gemstones that consistently occurs in only one color, though shades can vary. The gem is a variety of the mineral olivine, formed under extreme conditions, often found in hardened lava carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and even in meteorites originating from outer space.
Historically, peridot has been admired for thousands of years. Ancient Egyptians mined peridot from the island of Zabargad, referring to it as the “gem of the sun” due to its brilliant shine, even in darkness. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have actually consisted largely of peridot. Throughout history, peridot was often confused with other green gems like topaz and emerald. A notable example is the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral, adorned with 200 carats of gems previously believed to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot.
Spinel: A Ruby Imposter Revealed
Spinel, the newest addition to the August birthstone family, has a fascinating history of being mistaken for other, more highly valued gemstones, particularly ruby. For centuries, red spinel was often misidentified as ruby, and only relatively recently has it gained recognition as a distinct and beautiful gem in its own right. This misidentification stemmed from spinel’s similar color range and brilliance. However, spinel possesses a different crystal structure than ruby and is generally more affordable.
Spinel occurs in a wide range of colors, including red, blue, green, and even colorless varieties. The increasing demand for alternative gemstones has led to a growing appreciation for spinel, particularly among consumers seeking vibrant colors at a more accessible price point.
Sardonyx: Layers of History and Symbolism
Sardonyx, the original August birthstone, is a captivating gemstone composed of layers of sard and onyx, both forms of chalcedony. This layering creates a distinctive banded appearance, typically featuring reddish-brown and white bands. The name “sardonyx” itself reflects this composition, combining “sard” (a reddish variety of chalcedony) and “onyx” (a banded variety of chalcedony).
Historically, sardonyx held significant cultural importance. Ancient civilizations, including the Greeks and Romans, valued sardonyx for its perceived protective qualities and its association with strength and courage. It was commonly used in the creation of amulets, cameos, and seals, believed to bring victory in battle and enhance communication skills. Sardonyx continues to be appreciated for its unique aesthetic and historical significance.
Gemological Properties at a Glance
While each birthstone possesses unique characteristics, a comparison of their key gemological properties provides a clearer understanding of their individual qualities.
| Property | Peridot | Spinel | Sardonyx |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Mg,FeSiO₄ | MgAl₂O₄ | SiO₂ |
| Color | Yellow-Green to Olive Green | Red, Blue, Green, Colorless | Reddish-Brown with White Bands |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 | 8 | 6.5 - 7 |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous | Waxy |
| Transparency | Transparent | Transparent | Translucent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the August birthstones is associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. Peridot is often linked to abundance, protection, and positivity. It is believed to bring good luck and ward off negative energy. Spinel is associated with revitalization and hope, encouraging passion and creativity. Sardonyx, with its historical ties to courage and strength, is believed to promote self-confidence and resilience.
Caring for Your August Birthstone
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and brilliance of any gemstone. Peridot, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7, is relatively delicate and should be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. Spinel, with a hardness of 8, is more durable but still requires careful handling. Sardonyx, also with a hardness of 6.5-7, should be cleaned with mild soap and water, avoiding abrasive cleaners. Regular cleaning and proper storage will help ensure that your August birthstone remains a cherished heirloom for years to come.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From the ancient “gem of the sun” to the often-misidentified spinel and the historically significant sardonyx, each gemstone offers a unique and meaningful choice for those born in August. The addition of spinel to the birthstone list in recent years reflects a growing appreciation for this often-overlooked gem, further enriching the options available to celebrate the individuality of August birthdays. These three gems collectively embody the vibrancy and warmth of the summer month they represent.