For those born in August, three gemstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – lay claim to the title of birthstone. However, peridot holds a particularly prominent position, steeped in a history of misidentification and captivating lore. This vibrant green gem, often associated with prosperity and strength, has been prized for millennia, even mistaken for emeralds and topazes. This article delves into the fascinating world of peridot, exploring its geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and enduring symbolism.
History and Lore
Peridot’s story stretches back over 4,000 years, with early mentions tracing back to the ancient Egyptians. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, now known as Zabargad, was a significant source of this gem, and it was often referred to as “topaz” despite actually being peridot. This historical confusion continued for centuries, with many believing that the “topaz” referenced in ancient texts was, in fact, peridot. George Frederick Kuntz, in his 1913 publication The Curious Lore of Precious Stones, noted this interchangeable use of the name.
The gem’s association with royalty and power is well-documented. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have largely consisted of peridot. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems once believed to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot. Ancient Hawaiians attributed peridot to the tears of Pele, the goddess of volcanoes, believing the stones were brought to the surface by volcanic activity.
Traditionally, peridot was thought to possess protective qualities, symbolizing strength and warding off nightmares, evil, and enchantments. Its historical significance extends to religious contexts, being included in the high priest’s breastplate as sardonyx, one of the original Biblical birthstones, and potentially referenced alongside topaz in ancient scriptures. More recently, in 2016, spinel was added as an alternative August birthstone, a change initiated by the Jewelers of America (JA) and the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA).
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate compound of magnesium and iron. Its formation occurs under extreme conditions, often found in hardened lava carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle. Remarkably, peridot has even been discovered in meteorites, originating from outer space.
While the Red Sea island of Topazios (Zabargad) was historically a key source, peridot is now found in various locations worldwide. Recent discoveries in the American Southwest have made peridot jewelry more accessible. Other notable sources include Myanmar (Burma), Brazil, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. The gem’s formation within volcanic rock and its presence in meteorites highlight its unique geological origins.
Gemological Properties
Peridot exhibits a distinctive range of colors, typically yellowish-green to greenish-yellow, though brown shades can also occur. The most popular and sought-after color is a light or lime green.
Here's a summary of its key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Refractive Index | 1.653 - 1.683 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 - 3.48 |
Peridot’s hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale makes it relatively durable, though it requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage. Its refractive index contributes to its brilliance and sparkle. While not as hard as diamonds or sapphires, peridot is suitable for a variety of jewelry settings.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Ancient cultures believed it possessed protective powers, safeguarding against negative energies and promoting strength. The association with Pele, the Hawaiian goddess of volcanoes, further reinforces its connection to power and natural forces.
In modern times, peridot is often linked to prosperity, good fortune, and emotional well-being. It is considered a stone of renewal and growth, believed to attract abundance and positive energy. Some associate it with enhancing creativity and reducing stress. While these metaphysical beliefs are not scientifically proven, they contribute to the gem’s enduring appeal.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, peridot requires gentle care. It is susceptible to scratches from harder materials and can be damaged by harsh chemicals. Cleaning peridot jewelry is best achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone. It is also advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to harsh chemicals. Regular cleaning will help maintain its brilliance and luster.
Zodiac Connections
Beyond its association with the month of August, peridot also holds significance within the realm of astrology. According to zodiac birthstone charts, peridot is the designated stone for Libra, aligning with the qualities of balance, harmony, and diplomacy. While traditional birthstones and zodiac stones sometimes overlap, peridot’s connection to Libra offers an additional layer of meaning for those born under this sign. Other zodiac signs have different associated gemstones, but peridot’s vibrant energy resonates with those seeking equilibrium and grace.
Modern Appeal and Accessibility
While historically often confused with other gems, peridot is now recognized and appreciated for its unique beauty and captivating history. Recent discoveries, particularly in the American Southwest, have increased its accessibility, making peridot jewelry more readily available to a wider audience. From classic pendants and earrings to contemporary bracelets and rings, peridot offers a versatile and affordable option for those seeking a meaningful and stylish gemstone. The gem’s vibrant green hue complements a variety of skin tones and outfits, making it a popular choice for everyday wear and special occasions.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating green birthstone of August, boasts a rich history, unique geological origins, and enduring symbolism. From its ancient origins on the Red Sea island of Topazios to its modern-day accessibility, this gem has captivated cultures for millennia. Its association with strength, prosperity, and renewal, combined with its vibrant color and relative affordability, makes peridot a truly special and cherished gemstone. Whether admired for its beauty, its historical significance, or its metaphysical properties, peridot continues to shine as a timeless treasure.