August boasts a unique distinction among the birthstones: not one, but three gemstones represent the month – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each possesses a distinct history, geological origin, and aesthetic appeal, offering a diverse selection for those born in the eighth month of the year. This article will delve into the characteristics of each of these August birthstones, exploring their historical significance, gemological properties, and cultural associations, as revealed by available sources.
History and Lore
The association of gemstones with specific months and their attributed meanings dates back centuries. While peridot and sardonyx have a longer documented history as August birthstones, spinel is a more recent addition, gaining prominence in the 20th century.
Peridot’s history is particularly rich, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt. It was highly prized by the Egyptians, who believed it to be the “tears of the sun god Ra,” and utilized it in amulets and as symbols of fertility. This reverence continued for centuries, with the gemstone remaining a popular charm for its perceived beneficial properties. Notably, peridot was believed to have been a favorite gem of Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt.
Sardonyx also enjoys a long history, particularly in the art of cameo carving. Ancient artisans favored its banded layers of white and black for creating relief images, with the Great Cameo of France, depicting the Roman Emperor Claudius and his family, being a prime example of its historical use.
Spinel’s history, while less ancient than the other two, is nonetheless significant. It was first mentioned in literature in the early 13th century and quickly became a favored gemstone among European royalty. For a time, red spinel was often mistaken for ruby, a testament to its vibrant color and beauty.
Geological Formation and Sources
The formation of these three birthstones occurs through vastly different geological processes. Peridot is unique in that it is formed deep within the Earth’s mantle and brought to the surface by volcanic activity. It has even been discovered within fallen meteorites, adding to its mystique. Significant sources of peridot include Egypt, Hawaii, Vietnam, and Myanmar (Burma). Hawaiian folklore connects peridot to the tears of the volcanic goddess Pele.
Sardonyx, a variety of onyx, is formed through banding of the silica minerals chalcedony and agate. It is found in various locations, including India, Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany.
Spinel forms in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. It was first discovered in Sri Lanka, but is now found in numerous locations around the world.
Gemological Properties
Each of these August birthstones possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its distinct appearance and value.
Peridot: The chemical formula for peridot is (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, indicating it is primarily composed of olivine, magnesium, and iron. The amount of iron present dictates the intensity of its color, with more iron resulting in a more vibrant green hue. Peridot is known for its ability to sparkle under both natural and artificial light, sometimes referred to as the “evening emerald.” It typically exhibits a light green to yellowish-green color, though darker olive shades are also found.
Sardonyx: Sardonyx is a banded form of onyx, characterized by layers of white and black. It is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz. Unlike peridot, sardonyx does not exhibit the same level of brilliance, possessing a more stone-like appearance. Its reddish-brown color with white banding is its defining characteristic.
Spinel: Spinel comes in a wider range of colors than peridot or sardonyx, including red, pink, violet, blue, and even yellow-orange (rubicelle). While often mistaken for ruby, spinel is actually harder than ruby. Different colors of spinel have been given industry-specific names, such as almandine for purple and sapphirine for blue.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Luster |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 | Light Green to Yellowish-Green | 6.5 - 7 | Vitreous |
| Sardonyx | SiO2 (Chalcedony) | Banded White & Black | 6.5 - 7 | Waxy |
| Spinel | MgAl2O4 | Red, Pink, Violet, Blue, Yellow-Orange | 8 | Vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties.
Peridot is often associated with good health, peace, and harmony. It is known as the “gem of compassion” and is believed to promote restful sleep and calm anger. Some believe it can even cure depression. It is also the traditional gemstone for celebrating a 15th wedding anniversary.
Sardonyx is believed to represent strength and protection.
Spinel is associated with refreshing properties and the ability to renew energy after setbacks. It is believed that those who persevere with spinel’s aid will accept victory with humility. Red spinel, like other blood-colored stones, is often linked to the heart.
Care and Cleaning
The care and cleaning of these gemstones depend on their individual properties. Peridot, with a hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale, requires gentle handling to avoid scratches. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Sardonyx, also with a hardness of 6.5-7, can be cleaned similarly. Spinel, being the hardest of the three at a Mohs hardness of 8, is more durable and can withstand more rigorous cleaning. However, it is still advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners for all three gemstones.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – offer a captivating array of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. From the ancient Egyptian reverence for peridot as the “tears of Ra” to the regal association of spinel with European royalty and the historical use of sardonyx in intricate cameos, each gemstone holds a unique place in the world of gemology and culture. The diversity of these three stones ensures that anyone born in August can find a birthstone that resonates with their personal style and beliefs.