Peridot, a gemstone celebrated for its lively green hues, holds a prominent place as one of the recognized birthstones for August. Alongside spinel, it offers those born in this month a vibrant choice steeped in history, lore, and geological intrigue. Often referred to as the “sun gem” or “evening emerald,” peridot’s unique characteristics and captivating color have made it a treasured gemstone for millennia, from ancient civilizations to modern jewelry enthusiasts. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this fascinating gem.
History and Lore
Peridot boasts a rich history, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient times. Its earliest known source was on the volcanic island of St. John’s, now known as Zebirget, in Egypt. The gem was highly prized by the ancient Egyptians, believed to have been adorned by Queen Cleopatra VII as early as 51-30 BC. The island was heavily guarded, and peridot was often referred to as the “gem of the sun.”
Beyond Egypt, peridot held significance for other ancient cultures. Ancient Romans valued sardonyx, another August birthstone, for seals and rings, believing it brought good luck and protection during wars. Ancient Egyptians and Greeks also favored sardonyx, incorporating it into various accessories. In Hawaii, peridot is deeply connected to the culture, considered to be the tears of Pele, the volcanic goddess.
While peridot has a long and storied past, spinel, another August birthstone, has a more recent claim to fame. Officially recognized as an August birthstone in 2016, spinel was historically mistaken for ruby and sapphire. For centuries, particularly in the 14th century, Spanish kings unknowingly wore spinel believing them to be rubies. It wasn’t until four centuries later that jewelers, through chemical analysis, correctly identified the stones as spinel. Today, a significant spinel resides within the Imperial State Crown. Sardonyx, the oldest August gem, was carved into breastplates in the Old Testament and used as protective amulets by Roman soldiers.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is formed deep within the Earth’s mantle, originating in volcanic rocks. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, often found in lava flows and within the Earth’s upper mantle. Interestingly, peridot has even been discovered in fallen meteorites, specifically Pallasite Meteorites, though these are typically too small for jewelry use.
While Egypt was historically the primary source, peridot is now found in several locations worldwide. Myanmar (Burma) is renowned for its large, richly colored peridot crystals. Vietnam has also become a significant source, offering peridot with varied shades of green. Other notable sources include Pakistan, China, and, more recently, Arizona in the United States. Hawaiian peridot, linked to the legend of Pele’s tears, is also a culturally significant source.
Spinel, in contrast, is found in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. Its sources are diverse, including Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Australia. Sardonyx, a variety of chalcedony, is formed through the layering of sard and onyx, typically found in Brazil, India, and the United States.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s chemical formula is (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, indicating it is primarily composed of olivine, magnesium, and iron. The amount of iron present directly influences the gem’s color and luster. The color of peridot ranges from a natural light green to a more intense yellow-green, with the most valuable stones exhibiting a pure, vibrant green hue.
On the Mohs hardness scale, peridot measures between 6.5 and 7, making it reasonably durable for everyday wear, though susceptible to scratches and chips. Jewelers often recommend bezel settings, particularly for rings, to provide added protection. Spinel, with its varied colors – red, orange, yellow, green, blue, pink, and purple – displays a single, solid color, unlike ruby which often exhibits multiple hues. Sardonyx, composed of chalcedony, displays a unique color scheme of brown or brownish-red and dark orange sard, with white or black bands of onyx.
| Property | Peridot | Spinel | Sardonyx |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 | MgAl2O4 | SiO2 |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 | 8 | 6.5 - 7 |
| Color | Light to Yellow Green | Varied (Red, Blue, etc.) | Brown/Red & White/Black |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous | Waxy |
| Origin | Volcanic Rocks | Metamorphic Rocks | Layered Chalcedony |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot is often associated with good health, peace, and harmony. It is known as the “gem of compassion,” believed to bring renewal and make “all things new.” It is also thought to promote restful sleep and calm anger, even potentially curing depression.
Spinel, according to author Judy Hall, possesses refreshing properties, renewing energy and fostering humility in victory. Sardonyx symbolizes spirituality, open communication, prosperity, courage, and harmonious relationships.
Historically, peridot was believed to ward off evil and nightmares, carrying the gift of inner radiance. It is also thought to sharpen the mind and open the heart to growth, helping individuals discover their true purpose. The association with the sun, particularly in ancient Egypt, further reinforces its connection to vitality and positive energy.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of peridot jewelry. It is recommended to avoid ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Instead, peridot should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft brush to gently remove any dirt or debris. It is also advisable to store peridot jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. Bezel settings are recommended to protect the stone from damage.
Conclusion
Peridot, alongside spinel and sardonyx, represents a captivating selection of August birthstones. From its ancient origins in Egypt and Hawaii to its modern-day appeal, peridot continues to inspire with its vibrant green color, rich history, and symbolic meaning. Its geological formation within the Earth’s mantle and its association with renewal, protection, and positive energy make it a truly special gemstone. Whether admired for its beauty, cherished for its historical significance, or valued for its metaphysical properties, peridot remains a timeless treasure for those born in August and gemstone enthusiasts alike.