August boasts not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While peridot holds the position as the modern and traditional August gem, spinel has recently gained recognition, and sardonyx remains the oldest historically associated with the month. Each stone possesses a unique history, geological origin, and set of characteristics that contribute to its enduring appeal. This article will explore the origins, properties, and significance of these three captivating August birthstones.
History and Lore
Sardonyx holds the longest documented history of the three, referenced several times in the Bible and appearing in the high priest’s breastplate, a precursor to the modern concept of birthstones. It was also a foundational stone of Jerusalem, indicating its importance in ancient times. Ancient Romans favored sardonyx for seals and signet rings, appreciating its smooth surface that prevented wax from adhering. For millennia, its banded structure made it a popular choice for carving cameos and intaglios.
Peridot’s history is intertwined with that of topaz, with ancient texts often using the name “topaz” to refer to what is now known as peridot. The island of Topazios, historically believed to be the source of topaz, actually yielded peridot. This historical confusion continued for centuries, with gems believed to be emeralds – such as the 200-carat stones adorning Germany’s Cologne Cathedral – later identified as peridot. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have consisted largely of peridot. Ancient Hawaiians attributed peridot to the tears of the goddess Pele, brought to the surface by volcanic activity. Traditionally, peridot was believed to possess protective qualities, warding off nightmares, evil, and enchantments.
Spinel’s history is somewhat more recent in terms of recognition. For centuries, red spinel was often mistaken for ruby, particularly in historical jewelry. It wasn’t until more recently, as consumer preferences shifted towards seeking alternatives to ruby, that spinel began to be appreciated for its own distinct qualities.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is formed under extreme conditions, often found in hardened lava carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and even in meteorites originating from outer space.
Sardonyx is a variety of chalcedony, a cryptocrystalline form of quartz, composed of alternating bands of sard (brownish-red) and onyx (typically white or black). It is sourced from India, but can also be found in Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany.
Spinel’s origins are diverse. While a 2007 discovery in Tanzania yielded spinel in pinkish and orangy-red hues, it is also found in purple and blue shades in the same region.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is the yellowish-green to greenish-yellow gem variety of the mineral olivine. The most desirable peridot stones exhibit a lime-green or olive-green color, sometimes likened to a Fancy Vivid Yellowish Green diamond in terms of color resemblance.
Spinel, rated 8 on the Mohs scale of hardness, is a durable gem suitable for various jewelry applications, including rings. It is stable when exposed to light and chemicals, though high heat can cause some colors to fade. Spinel occurs in a range of colors, including red (often referred to as rubicelle), yellow-orange, purple (almandine), blue (sapphirine), and green (chlorospinel).
Sardonyx, a type of onyx, presents a reddish-brown stone with distinctive white banding. It has a more stone-like appearance compared to the crystal-like appearance of peridot.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Olivine | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow | 6.5-7 | Mantle, meteorites |
| Spinel | Magnesium Aluminum Oxide | Red, yellow-orange, purple, blue, green | 8 | Tanzania, other locations |
| Sardonyx | Chalcedony (Quartz) | Reddish-brown with white bands | 6.5-7 | India, Brazil, Uruguay, USA, Germany |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Traditionally, peridot symbolized strength and was believed to offer protection against negative forces.
Spinel is associated with refreshing properties and the ability to renew energy, aiding perseverance and promoting humility in victory.
Sardonyx, with its contrasting bands, embodies both comfort and power.
Care and Cleaning
Spinel, with its hardness of 8, is relatively durable and can be cleaned using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, provided there are no fractures present. Warm soapy water is always a safe cleaning option.
Peridot and sardonyx, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7, require more gentle care. Warm soapy water is recommended for cleaning these stones. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners.
Choosing Between the Three
The choice between peridot, spinel, and sardonyx ultimately depends on personal preference. Peridot offers an elegant, crystal-like appearance, while sardonyx presents a more earthy and rustic aesthetic. Spinel provides a wider range of color options and excellent durability. The vast differences between these stones offer a diverse selection for those seeking August birthstone jewelry. While not as widely popular as diamonds, emeralds, or rubies, peridot, spinel, and sardonyx are beautiful and unique gemstones.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a rich tapestry of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From the ancient origins of sardonyx to the recent appreciation of spinel and the historical misidentification of peridot, each stone offers a unique story. Whether seeking a protective talisman, a durable gemstone for everyday wear, or a piece of history, the August birthstones provide a captivating choice for those born under the summer sun.