December is a month of contrasts—of chill and festivity, of solemnity and joy. Its birthstones mirror this duality, offering a spectrum of blue tones that evoke the serenity of winter and the vibrancy of celebration. From the ethereal blue zircon to the rich violet of tanzanite and the deep green-blue of turquoise, December’s birthstones are more than just gemstones; they are storied treasures with deep historical roots, cultural significance, and unique gemological properties.
This article delves into the world of December’s birthstones, exploring their geological formation, cultural symbolism, and practical care. With a focus on Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, and Turquoise—three of the most notable modern and traditional December birthstones—we uncover the reasons behind their enduring appeal and their role in jewelry, spirituality, and personal expression.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with birth months has roots that stretch back thousands of years, with ancient cultures attributing mystical and protective properties to these stones. December’s birthstones have been cherished since antiquity, with turquoise, for example, being used by the Egyptians as early as 3000 BCE. Lapis lazuli, another traditional December gem, was revered by pharaohs and even mentioned in the Bible for its association with wisdom and truth.
The concept of birthstones evolved over time. In medieval Europe, a ring containing a gemstone corresponding to one’s birth month was believed to offer spiritual protection and health. By the 20th century, the modern list of birthstones was formalized, with Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, and Tanzanite added to the December lineup. This expansion allowed for greater variety in color, price, and symbolism, catering to diverse tastes and cultural traditions.
Turquoise, often cited as the most iconic December birthstone, has a long and storied history across cultures. Used by Native American tribes in ceremonial jewelry, it was believed to bring protection and good fortune. In ancient China, turquoise was carved into amulets and was considered a symbol of immortality. Zircon, on the other hand, was known to early civilizations for its brilliance and fire-like sparkle. It was considered one of the oldest minerals on Earth, lending it a sense of timeless wisdom and endurance.
Tanzanite, the youngest of the December birthstones, was only discovered in 1967 near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Despite its recent introduction, it quickly gained popularity due to its striking blue-to-violet hues and its status as a rare, one-of-a-kind gem. This modern addition to the December birthstone family reflects the ever-evolving nature of gemology and the continued fascination with rare and beautiful stones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December’s birthstones is formed under unique geological conditions, giving them distinct properties and appearances. Understanding these processes is key to appreciating their beauty and rarity.
Blue Zircon is a type of zircon, a mineral that is among the oldest on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4 billion years. Zircon forms in igneous rocks and is often found in metamorphic environments. The blue coloration is achieved through a heat treatment process that transforms brown or colorless zircon into a brilliant blue. This treatment is stable and does not alter the gemstone’s durability.
Tanzanite, as its name suggests, is exclusively found in Tanzania, near the base of Mount Kilimanjaro. It is a variety of the mineral zoisite and was first discovered in the 1960s. Tanzanite forms in metamorphic rock under high heat and pressure, and its trichroic nature (displaying three different colors depending on the viewing angle) makes it a unique gemstone. Its rarity—being found only in one location in the world—adds to its allure.
Turquoise, a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, forms in the oxidation zones of copper deposits. It is typically found in arid regions with low rainfall, where it can form in veins and nodules. Major sources of turquoise include the United States (especially Nevada and Arizona), Iran, China, and Egypt. The presence of matrix—veins of the host rock—can give turquoise a distinctive appearance, with patterns ranging from subtle to bold.
Gemological Properties
Each of these gemstones has distinct physical and optical properties that make them suitable for different types of jewelry and uses.
| Property | Blue Zircon | Tanzanite | Turquoise |
|---|---|---|---|
| Color | Blue (due to heat treatment) | Blue to violet | Blue to green |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6–7.5 | 6–7 | 5–6 |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous | Waxy to greasy |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent | Transparent to translucent | Opaque to translucent |
| Refractive Index | 1.92–2.01 | 1.694–1.704 | 1.61–1.65 |
| Specific Gravity | 4.6–4.8 | 3.10–3.40 | 2.72–2.85 |
| Cleavage | Distinct | Indistinct | None |
| Special Features | High dispersion, color change with light | Trichroism, pleochroism | Matrix patterns |
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, which gives it a fire-like brilliance. Its hardness of 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale means it is relatively durable, though it can be prone to scratches. It is often used in rings and pendants, where its vibrant color and brilliance can be showcased.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a moderate hardness of 6–7, making it suitable for most types of jewelry. Its trichroic nature means that it can display different colors depending on the light source and viewing angle. Tanzanite is often cut into faceted shapes to maximize its color and brilliance. Due to its rarity, it is often more expensive than other December birthstones.
Turquoise
Turquoise has a lower hardness (5–6 on the Mohs scale), which makes it more delicate and prone to scratches and abrasions. It is best suited for earrings, pendants, or other jewelry that is less likely to be subject to frequent wear and tear. Its waxy luster and unique matrix patterns make it a popular choice for both traditional and contemporary jewelry designs.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The December birthstones have long been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties, which have evolved across cultures and time.
Turquoise is one of the most symbolically rich December birthstones. In many cultures, it is seen as a protective stone, believed to ward off negative energy and bring good fortune. It is also associated with communication, emotional balance, and spiritual clarity. Some believe that turquoise can help soothe anxiety and promote calmness, making it a popular stone for meditation and healing practices.
Blue Zircon is often associated with wisdom, clarity, and emotional balance. In some traditions, it is believed to enhance intuition and promote spiritual growth. Its vibrant blue color is thought to represent the sky and the sea, symbolizing expansiveness, depth, and the infinite.
Tanzanite is a relatively new addition to the December birthstone list, but it has quickly gained a reputation for its calming and protective properties. It is believed to encourage compassion, emotional healing, and spiritual connection. Due to its rarity and unique color, it is also associated with individuality and self-expression.
These metaphysical beliefs, while not scientifically proven, have contributed to the enduring popularity of December’s birthstones. Whether worn for their beauty, their symbolic meaning, or their perceived healing properties, these stones continue to be cherished by many.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their varying hardness and luster, each December birthstone requires specific care to maintain its beauty and longevity.
Blue Zircon
- Cleaning: Wipe with a soft, damp cloth to remove dust and dirt. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as they can damage the stone.
- Storage: Store in a separate compartment to avoid scratches from harder gemstones.
- Avoid: Exposing to high heat, which can affect the stability of the heat-treated blue color.
Tanzanite
- Cleaning: Use a mild soap and warm water solution with a soft cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners, which can damage the stone.
- Storage: Keep away from other harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
- Avoid: Exposing to direct sunlight for prolonged periods, as it may affect the color.
Turquoise
- Cleaning: Use a soft, damp cloth with mild soap. Avoid using harsh chemicals, as they can damage the stone's surface.
- Storage: Store in a cool, dry place to prevent moisture-related damage. Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures.
- Avoid: Using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as they can cause the stone to crack or become discolored.
Proper care and handling are essential to preserving the beauty and integrity of these gemstones. Whether worn in fine jewelry or used for spiritual practices, maintaining their appearance ensures that they can be enjoyed for generations.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, and Turquoise—offer a rich tapestry of color, history, and symbolism. From the ancient reverence for turquoise to the modern allure of tanzanite, these gemstones continue to captivate and inspire. Each carries its own unique properties and meanings, making them not only beautiful adornments but also meaningful symbols of individuality, protection, and connection to the past.
As both traditional and modern birthstones, these gems serve as a bridge between history and contemporary culture. Their varied colors and properties allow for a wide range of jewelry designs, from classic pendants and rings to bold statement pieces. Whether chosen for their beauty, their symbolic meaning, or their rarity, December’s birthstones are a testament to the enduring appeal of gemstones as both objects of art and carriers of deep significance.
For those born in December, or for those who simply appreciate the allure of these stones, wearing a December birthstone is a way to honor both the past and the present. It is a celebration of the month’s spirit—of winter’s chill, of vibrant color, and of the timeless beauty of gemstones.