December is a month of celebration, marked by holidays, cold weather, and the arrival of a new year. For those born in this month, December also holds a special connection through its association with four unique and beautiful birthstones: blue topaz, zircon, turquoise, and tanzanite. These gemstones, all known for their striking blue hues, offer a range of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings, making December one of the most intriguing months in the birthstone calendar.
This article explores the rich tapestry of December's birthstones, examining their geological properties, historical significance, cultural symbolism, and practical care instructions. Each stone has its own story to tell, from the ancient allure of turquoise to the modern discovery of tanzanite. By delving into the details provided by expert sources, we aim to provide a comprehensive and authoritative guide for gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and those curious about the significance of these December gems.
History and Lore
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months of the year dates back centuries, with roots in ancient Roman, medieval European, and Eastern Asian cultures. December is unique in that it is associated with not one but four birthstones, a distinction that allows individuals born in this month to choose from a variety of options that reflect their personal preferences and styles.
Among these gemstones, turquoise holds a particularly ancient and revered position. Historically, turquoise was one of the earliest gemstones used by humans, with archaeological evidence suggesting its use in jewelry and amulets as early as 5000 BCE in the Near East. In many ancient cultures, turquoise was believed to possess protective and healing properties. It was worn as a talisman to ward off evil and was often used in rituals to invoke divine favor.
Zircon, another December birthstone, also has a long and storied history. Known as the "emerald of the ancients," zircon was highly valued by the ancient Egyptians and Greeks for its brilliance and color. It was believed to have been formed from the tears of the gods and was associated with wisdom and truth. Zircon's popularity waned for a time but has experienced a resurgence in modern times, especially in the form of blue zircon, which has become a popular alternative to more expensive gems.
The addition of blue topaz and tanzanite to December's list of birthstones is a relatively recent development. Blue topaz was officially recognized as a December birthstone in the 1960s, while tanzanite was added in 2002. Tanzanite, discovered in 1967 in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, is a modern gemstone that quickly gained popularity due to its vibrant blue-violet color and its rarity. The inclusion of these newer stones reflects the evolving nature of the birthstone tradition, which continues to adapt to contemporary tastes and trends.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December's birthstones is formed through distinct geological processes, resulting in unique physical and optical properties. Understanding these processes provides insight into the rarity, beauty, and value of each gemstone.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, with the chemical formula Al₂(OH)₃PO₄. It forms in the oxidation zone of copper deposits and is typically found in arid regions where water percolates through the earth, carrying minerals and depositing them in cracks and fissures. The presence of copper gives turquoise its characteristic blue color, while the presence of iron results in green tones. The distinctive veining seen in many turquoise specimens is caused by the presence of other minerals, such as quartz, calcite, or pyrite, which are introduced during the formation process.
Turquoise is found in various parts of the world, including the United States, Iran, China, and Egypt. Some of the most famous sources of high-quality turquoise include the mines in the Southwestern United States, particularly in Arizona and New Mexico. Iranian turquoise, known for its deep blue color and minimal matrix, is also highly prized.
Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate with the chemical formula ZrSiO₄. It is a naturally occurring mineral that forms in igneous rocks and is often found in metamorphic and sedimentary rocks as well. Zircon is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, which give it a brilliant, fiery appearance. The blue color of zircon is the result of heat treatment, which alters the crystal structure and removes any impurities that may have caused the stone to appear brown or yellow.
Zircon is found in a variety of locations around the world, including Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka. The most popular blue zircons used in jewelry are typically sourced from Cambodia and Sri Lanka, where they are mined and then heat-treated to enhance their color.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a variety of the mineral topaz, which is composed of silicic acid with aluminum and fluorine, with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. Natural blue topaz is extremely rare, and most blue topaz used in jewelry is created through irradiation and heat treatment. This process alters the crystal structure, causing the stone to absorb certain wavelengths of light and appear blue.
Topaz is found in a number of locations around the world, including Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. Brazil is one of the largest producers of topaz, and much of the blue topaz used in jewelry is sourced from there. The treatment process used to create blue topaz is a well-established and widely accepted method in the gemstone industry.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, which is a calcium aluminum silicate with the chemical formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH). It was discovered in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. Tanzanite forms in metamorphic rocks and is the result of a unique combination of geological conditions, including high pressure and the presence of vanadium, which is responsible for its blue-violet color.
Tanzanite is found exclusively in Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world. The Merelani Hills are the only known source of tanzanite, and the deposits are limited in size, which adds to the stone's value and exclusivity.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the gemological properties of a stone is essential for anyone considering it for jewelry or investment. These properties include hardness, refractive index, specific gravity, and other characteristics that affect the stone's durability, appearance, and value.
Turquoise
Turquoise has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, which means it is relatively soft and can be easily scratched or damaged. It has a refractive index of 1.61 to 1.65 and a specific gravity of 2.6 to 2.8. Turquoise is porous, which makes it susceptible to absorbing liquids and chemicals. This property can affect its color and durability over time, especially if the stone is exposed to substances like perfumes, lotions, or cleaning agents.
Turquoise is typically opaque, with a waxy to greasy luster. It is often cut into cabochons to showcase its color and veining patterns. The presence of impurities and the way the stone is cut can significantly affect its value and appearance.
Zircon
Zircon has a hardness of 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it more durable than turquoise. It has a refractive index of 1.92 to 2.01 and a specific gravity of 4.6 to 4.8. Zircon is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, which give it a brilliant, fiery appearance. The blue color of zircon is the result of heat treatment, which alters the crystal structure and removes any impurities that may have caused the stone to appear brown or yellow.
Zircon is typically cut into faceted gemstones to maximize its brilliance and fire. The presence of inclusions and the clarity of the stone can affect its value and appearance.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest gemstones among December's birthstones. It has a refractive index of 1.61 to 1.63 and a specific gravity of 3.4 to 3.6. Blue topaz is typically colorless in its natural state, but it is often irradiated and heat-treated to create its blue color. This process is well-established and widely accepted in the gemstone industry.
Blue topaz is typically cut into faceted gemstones, which enhances its brilliance and fire. The presence of inclusions and the clarity of the stone can affect its value and appearance.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively soft and susceptible to scratches and damage. It has a refractive index of 1.69 to 1.70 and a specific gravity of 3.3 to 3.4. Tanzanite is known for its pleochroism, which means it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. This property makes it a unique and intriguing gemstone.
Tanzanite is typically cut into faceted gemstones to maximize its brilliance and color. The presence of inclusions and the clarity of the stone can affect its value and appearance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties of December's birthstones have been passed down through generations and are deeply rooted in various cultures and traditions. These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, add to the allure and significance of these gemstones.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been associated with protection, wisdom, and good fortune. In many ancient cultures, it was believed to offer protection against negative energies and was used in rituals to invoke divine favor. It was also believed to promote healing and was used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments.
In modern times, turquoise is associated with communication, self-expression, and emotional balance. It is believed to enhance intuition and encourage the release of inhibitions and prohibitions, allowing the soul to express itself freely. Turquoise is also believed to promote inner peace and emotional stability.
Zircon
Zircon is associated with mental clarity, intuition, and grounding. It is believed to enhance mental clarity and help individuals make wise decisions. Zircon is also believed to promote confidence and self-assurance, making it a popular choice for those seeking to enhance their personal power and assertiveness.
In some traditions, zircon is believed to have protective properties and was used as a talisman to ward off evil and negative energies. It is also associated with wisdom and truth, and was believed to be a stone of the gods.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, communication, and emotional balance. It is believed to promote emotional stability and help individuals find inner peace. Blue topaz is also believed to enhance communication skills and encourage honest and open expression.
In some traditions, blue topaz is believed to have healing properties and was used to treat various ailments, including anxiety and stress. It is also associated with wisdom and is believed to help individuals find the perfect pathways to successful opportunities.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is associated with transformation, emotional balance, and spiritual growth. It is believed to help individuals release old patterns and embrace new beginnings. Tanzanite is also believed to promote emotional stability and encourage inner peace.
In some traditions, tanzanite is believed to have healing properties and was used to treat various ailments, including depression and anxiety. It is also associated with wisdom and is believed to help individuals find the perfect pathways to successful opportunities.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of December's birthstones. Each gemstone has its own specific care requirements, which are determined by its physical and chemical properties.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a relatively soft and porous gemstone, which makes it susceptible to damage and discoloration. It should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent it from absorbing moisture and chemicals. Turquoise should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water, and should be kept away from harsh chemicals, perfumes, and lotions.
Turquoise jewelry should be stored in a separate compartment to prevent it from being scratched by other stones. It is also important to avoid exposing turquoise to extreme temperatures, as this can cause it to crack or lose its color.
Zircon
Zircon is a relatively hard and durable gemstone, but it can be susceptible to scratches and damage if not handled properly. It should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent it from absorbing moisture and chemicals. Zircon should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water, and should be kept away from harsh chemicals, perfumes, and lotions.
Zircon jewelry should be stored in a separate compartment to prevent it from being scratched by other stones. It is also important to avoid exposing zircon to extreme temperatures, as this can cause it to crack or lose its color.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a relatively hard and durable gemstone, making it suitable for daily wear. It should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent it from absorbing moisture and chemicals. Blue topaz should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water, and should be kept away from harsh chemicals, perfumes, and lotions.
Blue topaz jewelry should be stored in a separate compartment to prevent it from being scratched by other stones. It is also important to avoid exposing blue topaz to extreme temperatures, as this can cause it to crack or lose its color.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively soft and delicate gemstone, making it susceptible to scratches and damage. It should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent it from absorbing moisture and chemicals. Tanzanite should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water, and should be kept away from harsh chemicals, perfumes, and lotions.
Tanzanite jewelry should be stored in a separate compartment to prevent it from being scratched by other stones. It is also important to avoid exposing tanzanite to extreme temperatures, as this can cause it to crack or lose its color.
Conclusion
December is a month of celebration and renewal, and for those born in this month, it is also a time to celebrate the unique and beautiful birthstones associated with it. Blue topaz, zircon, turquoise, and tanzanite each offer a distinct combination of color, history, and symbolism, making them a perfect representation of the month's spirit.
These gemstones have a rich history, spanning from ancient times to the modern day, and they continue to captivate and inspire. Whether you are drawn to the serene blue of topaz, the historic allure of turquoise, the brilliance of zircon, or the velvety allure of tanzanite, these gems offer a connection to different times and cultures.
By understanding the geological properties, historical significance, and symbolic meanings of these gemstones, we can appreciate their beauty and value. Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining their appearance and longevity, ensuring that they can be enjoyed for generations to come.
For those born in December, these gemstones are more than just beautiful stones—they are a symbol of the month's magic and a celebration of personal identity and individuality. Whether worn as jewelry or displayed as collectibles, these gemstones are a timeless reminder of the beauty and significance of December.