December is a remarkable month in the world of gemstones, distinguished by its unique designation of four official birthstones: Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon. This diversity offers individuals born in December a broad array of options, each with its own captivating characteristics, historical significance, and symbolic meanings. From the serene, sky-like hues of Blue Topaz to the deep, mystical tones of Tanzanite, December’s gemstones reflect the rich tapestry of color and meaning that gemology has to offer.
This article delves into the geological origins, historical uses, cultural symbolism, and practical considerations for each of these four birthstones. By examining their distinct properties and enduring appeal, we illuminate why December’s birthstones continue to captivate gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry collectors alike.
History and Lore
The tradition of birthstones dates back to biblical times, where twelve stones were associated with the twelve tribes of Israel and later with the months of the year. While the earliest references to December’s gemstones varied—some lists attributed ruby to December—modern recognition of the month's gemstones has evolved significantly.
Traditional and Modern Recognition
The modern list of December birthstones has undergone several revisions since the early 20th century. In 1870, Tiffany & Co. promoted Turquoise as the sole December birthstone in their "Gregorian Birthstone Poems" pamphlet. By 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America) expanded the list to include Turquoise as the primary gem and Lapis Lazuli as an alternative. In 1952, Zircon was added to the list, and in 2002, Tanzanite was officially included.
This evolution reflects both the geological diversity available and the changing tastes of consumers. Today, December is recognized as the only month with four official birthstones, offering a wide range of color, price, and symbolic meaning to suit different preferences and purposes.
Cultural Significance
Throughout history, December’s birthstones have held profound cultural and spiritual significance. Turquoise, for example, has been revered across multiple civilizations, from ancient Egypt to the indigenous peoples of North America. It was believed to bring protection, wisdom, and good fortune, often used in amulets and ceremonial objects.
Zircon, one of the oldest minerals on Earth, has been found in archaeological sites and is associated with longevity and spiritual insight. Its fiery brilliance and range of colors have made it a symbol of transformation and renewal.
Tanzanite, discovered in the 20th century, is unique to the region near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Its striking blue to violet hues have made it a symbol of deep transformation and emotional healing, often used in meditation and spiritual practices.
Blue Topaz, a more modern addition, has gained popularity for its clarity and durability. It is associated with communication, truth, and calming energy, making it a favorite for those seeking a gemstone that supports emotional clarity and peaceful expression.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December’s birthstones is formed through distinct geological processes and is found in specific regions around the world.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is a variety of the mineral Topaz, which is formed in igneous rocks through the cooling and crystallization of magma. The blue color is the result of irradiation and heat treatment, which alter the mineral’s structure. Natural blue Topaz is rare, and most blue Topaz on the market is treated to enhance its color.
Significant sources of Topaz include Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United States. However, Blue Topaz is most commonly sourced from Brazil and is known for its clarity and vibrant blue hues.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, formed through the weathering of copper-bearing rocks. It is typically found in arid regions where water percolates through the rock, depositing the minerals that give turquoise its signature blue-green color.
Major sources of turquoise include the United States (especially Arizona and New Mexico), China, Iran, and Egypt. Turquoise from the Southwestern United States is particularly prized for its deep blue color and distinctive matrix patterns.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral Zoisite, formed under specific high-pressure conditions in the area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. It was first discovered in 1967 and is unique to this region, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world.
The blue to violet color of tanzanite is caused by trace amounts of vanadium and is enhanced through heat treatment. Because it is found only in Tanzania, it is considered a national treasure and is subject to strict mining regulations to preserve its rarity.
Zircon
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4 billion years. It forms in a variety of geological environments, including igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. Zircon is often found in alluvial deposits and is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, which gives it a brilliant fire.
Blue Zircon, in particular, is popular as a December birthstone and is typically found in deposits in Cambodia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka. It is usually heat-treated to enhance its blue color.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the physical and optical properties of each gemstone is essential for both collectors and jewelers. These properties influence the gemstone’s durability, appearance, and suitability for different types of jewelry.
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Refractive Index | Cut | Clarity | Source of Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | 1.62–1.63 | Brilliante | Transparent | Brazil, Mexico |
| Turquoise | Blue to green | 5–6 | 1.61–1.63 | Cabochon | Opaque | United States, Iran |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | 6–7 | 1.694–1.701 | Oval | Transparent | Tanzania |
| Zircon | Blue, yellow, red, etc. | 6–7.5 | 1.923–2.015 | Brilliante | Transparent | Cambodia, Thailand |
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is known for its hardness, ranking at 8 on the Mohs scale, making it highly resistant to scratches and suitable for everyday wear. It has a refractive index of 1.62–1.63, giving it a clear, glass-like appearance. Blue Topaz is typically cut in a brilliante or cushion style to maximize its brilliance and clarity.
Turquoise
Turquoise has a lower hardness, ranging from 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, and is often cut in a cabochon to enhance its color and hide internal inclusions. It is opaque and has a refractive index of 1.61–1.63. The presence of matrix patterns—natural veins of the host rock—adds to its unique appearance and value.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale and a refractive index of 1.694–1.701. It is typically cut in an oval or cushion shape to enhance its color and brilliance. Tanzanite is known for its pleochroism, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles.
Zircon
Zircon has a hardness of 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale and a high refractive index of 1.923–2.015, giving it a brilliant, fiery appearance. It is often cut in a brilliante or emerald cut to showcase its sparkle and clarity. Blue Zircon is especially popular and is usually heat-treated to achieve its vibrant color.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each December birthstone carries its own unique symbolism and metaphysical properties, which have been attributed to it across various cultures and historical periods.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is associated with calmness, clarity, and communication. It is believed to promote honesty and enhance self-expression. In ancient times, it was used to ward off evil and was thought to bring prosperity and happiness. Modern metaphysical practices associate Blue Topaz with emotional balance and mental clarity, making it a popular choice for those seeking inner peace and effective communication.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been considered a stone of protection and good fortune. It was used by ancient civilizations to ward off negative energy and to promote healing. In Native American cultures, it was believed to bring wisdom, strength, and spiritual insight. Today, Turquoise is still valued for its protective qualities and is often used in meditation and healing practices.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a symbol of transformation and spiritual awakening. It is believed to help individuals navigate change and emotional challenges with grace and resilience. Tanzanite is also associated with intuition and emotional healing, making it a popular choice for those seeking to deepen their spiritual journey and emotional well-being.
Zircon
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth and is associated with wisdom, prosperity, and spiritual insight. It is believed to enhance memory and promote a sense of clarity and understanding. Zircon is also associated with longevity and is often used in jewelry to symbolize enduring love and commitment.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and maintenance are essential for preserving the beauty and value of December’s birthstones. Each gemstone has specific requirements due to its unique properties and vulnerabilities.
Blue Topaz
Due to its high hardness (8 on the Mohs scale), Blue Topaz is relatively easy to care for. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are also safe for use. Blue Topaz is not sensitive to light or heat and can be worn daily with minimal risk of damage.
Turquoise
Turquoise is more delicate than Blue Topaz, with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. It is sensitive to heat, light, and acidic substances. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap, and it is best to avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners. Turquoise should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent it from drying out and cracking.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–7 and is sensitive to high heat and sudden temperature changes. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can cause damage. Tanzanite should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
Zircon
Zircon is relatively durable, with a hardness of 6–7.5 on the Mohs scale. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Zircon is not sensitive to light or heat and can be worn daily with minimal care. It is best to store Zircon in a soft cloth or jewelry box to prevent scratches from other gemstones.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—Blue Topaz, Turquoise, Tanzanite, and Zircon—offer a rich and diverse selection of gemstones, each with its own unique history, properties, and symbolism. From the calming influence of Blue Topaz to the protective qualities of Turquoise, the transformative power of Tanzanite, and the ancient wisdom of Zircon, these gemstones continue to inspire and captivate.
Whether chosen for their beauty, meaning, or durability, December’s birthstones are a testament to the enduring appeal of gemstones in human culture and jewelry design. Their continued popularity is a reflection of their timeless elegance and the deep connections they foster with those who wear them.