December is a month celebrated for its winter charm and rich cultural traditions, and its birthstones reflect this in their vibrant colors and deep symbolism. Unlike months that are typically associated with a single gemstone, December is uniquely adorned with multiple birthstones: Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Lapis Lazuli, and Turquoise. Each of these gemstones carries its own distinct allure, history, and metaphysical significance, making December one of the most diverse and meaningful months in the birthstone calendar.
This article explores the properties, origins, historical and cultural importance, and modern relevance of these December birthstones. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or simply curious about the significance of your birthstone, this in-depth guide will illuminate the rich legacy and enduring appeal of December’s gemstones.
History and Lore of December Birthstones
The tradition of assigning gemstones to months of the year dates back to ancient civilizations. The earliest known record of birthstones can be found in the biblical Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus, which lists twelve stones worn by the high priest of the Israelites, each representing a tribe and a month. However, the modern concept of birthstones evolved over centuries, with various cultures contributing to the list.
By the 19th and 20th centuries, the list of birthstones had been refined and standardized, influenced by both scientific discoveries and cultural preferences. December’s selection of multiple gemstones reflects this evolution, offering a range of options that vary in color, price, and symbolism.
Among the traditional December birthstones, Lapis Lazuli and Turquoise hold a special place in history. Lapis Lazuli, with its deep blue color and golden flecks, was revered by ancient Egyptians, Sumerians, and Greeks for its association with wisdom, truth, and divine knowledge. Pharaohs and royalty often adorned themselves with lapis lazuli in jewelry, amulets, and even in makeup, believing it to enhance their spiritual connection and intellect.
Turquoise, on the other hand, has a long and storied history across multiple cultures. The ancient Egyptians used it to adorn the burial masks of their pharaohs, while Native American tribes valued it for its protective and healing properties. In many Middle Eastern and Asian cultures, turquoise is considered a symbol of good fortune, immortality, and spiritual protection.
In more recent years, Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, and Tanzanite have been added to the list of December birthstones, representing the modern era of gemology. These stones, with their brilliant colors and unique properties, reflect the evolving tastes and technological advancements in gemstone cutting and treatment.
Geological Formation and Sources
The geological origins of December birthstones are as varied as their colors and meanings. Each gemstone forms under specific conditions deep within the Earth, and their sources can be traced to particular regions of the world.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a sodium calcium aluminum silicate. It forms from the transformation of sedimentary rocks under high pressure and temperature. The deep blue color of lapis lazuli comes from the presence of lazurite, while the golden flecks are typically pyrite. The most renowned source of high-quality lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Other sources include Russia, Egypt, and Canada.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper, formed when copper-rich water interacts with aluminum and phosphate minerals in arid environments. It typically forms in the weathering zones of copper deposits. The most famous sources of turquoise are the American Southwest, particularly in Arizona and New Mexico, where it has been used by Native American tribes for centuries. Other significant sources include Iran, China, and Tanzania.
Blue Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate that occurs in various colors, including blue, yellow, brown, and red. Blue zircon is typically formed when natural or heat-treated zircons are irradiated and then heated to produce their vibrant blue color. Zircons are found in a variety of geological settings, including igneous and metamorphic rocks. The primary sources of zircon include Australia, India, Brazil, and Madagascar.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a variety of topaz, a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine. The blue color is achieved through irradiation and heat treatment. Naturally occurring blue topaz is rare, and most blue topaz on the market today is treated to enhance its color. The most common source of topaz is Brazil, followed by Mexico, Russia, and USA.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively recent gemstone discovery, first found in Tanzania in the 1960s near Mount Kilimanjaro. It is a variety of the mineral zoisite and is known for its striking blue to violet color. Tanzanite forms in metamorphic rocks and is only found in one location in the world, making it one of the rarest gemstones. The limited availability and unique color have contributed to its popularity as a modern birthstone.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the physical and optical properties of gemstones is essential for both collectors and consumers. The following sections outline the key gemological characteristics of December birthstones, including their hardness, refractive index, and other relevant attributes.
Lapis Lazuli
- Hardness (Mohs scale): 5–6
- Color: Deep blue with gold or white flecks (pyrite)
- Chemical Formula: Sodium calcium aluminum silicate (NaCaAl₃Si₃O₁₂S)
- Luster: Waxy to dull
- Transparency: Opaque to slightly translucent
- Cleavage: None
- Specific Gravity: 2.4–2.9
- Refractive Index: N/A (not transparent)
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock, not a true gemstone in the strictest sense, but it is often used in jewelry and decorative objects due to its striking appearance. Its relatively low hardness makes it susceptible to scratches, so it is best suited for pendants and earrings rather than rings that are subject to daily wear.
Turquoise
- Hardness (Mohs scale): 5–6
- Color: Blue to green
- Chemical Formula: Hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper (Al₂Cu₄(PO₄)₃(OH)₈·4H₂O)
- Luster: Waxy to dull
- Transparency: Opaque
- Cleavage: None
- Specific Gravity: 2.0–2.7
- Refractive Index: N/A
Turquoise is a relatively soft gemstone, and its porosity makes it prone to absorbing oils and dyes. It is often stabilized with resins or oils to improve its durability. Like lapis lazuli, turquoise is best suited for jewelry that is not subject to frequent impact or abrasion.
Blue Zircon
- Hardness (Mohs scale): 6–7.5
- Color: Blue, yellow, brown, red
- Chemical Formula: Zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄)
- Luster: Vitreous
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Cleavage: None
- Specific Gravity: 4.6–4.8
- Refractive Index: 1.92–2.00
Blue zircon is known for its high refractive index and strong dispersion, which gives it a brilliant fire similar to diamond. It is a durable gemstone, making it suitable for a variety of jewelry settings. The blue color is typically achieved through heat treatment and irradiation.
Blue Topaz
- Hardness (Mohs scale): 8
- Color: Blue (naturally or treated)
- Chemical Formula: Aluminum silicate fluoride (Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂)
- Luster: Vitreous
- Transparency: Transparent
- Cleavage: Perfect in one direction
- Specific Gravity: 3.4–3.6
- Refractive Index: 1.61–1.63
Blue topaz is a durable gemstone with a high hardness, making it ideal for use in rings, pendants, and other jewelry. Its blue color is often enhanced through irradiation and heat treatment. It is relatively affordable compared to other blue gemstones, making it a popular choice for modern jewelry.
Tanzanite
- Hardness (Mohs scale): 6–7
- Color: Blue to violet
- Chemical Formula: Calcium aluminum silicate (Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH)₃)
- Luster: Vitreous
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Cleavage: Perfect in one direction
- Specific Gravity: 3.1–3.4
- Refractive Index: 1.694–1.701
Tanzanite is a relatively new gemstone, first discovered in Tanzania in the 1960s. It is known for its striking blue to violet color, which is achieved through heat treatment. Due to its perfect cleavage and moderate hardness, tanzanite should be handled with care to avoid damage.
| Gemstone | Hardness (Mohs) | Color | Chemical Formula | Luster | Transparency | Cleavage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lapis Lazuli | 5–6 | Deep blue with gold flecks | NaCaAl₃Si₃O₁₂S | Waxy | Opaque | None |
| Turquoise | 5–6 | Blue to green | Al₂Cu₄(PO₄)₃(OH)₈·4H₂O | Waxy | Opaque | None |
| Blue Zircon | 6–7.5 | Blue | ZrSiO₄ | Vitreous | Transparent to translucent | None |
| Blue Topaz | 8 | Blue | Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂ | Vitreous | Transparent | Perfect in one direction |
| Tanzanite | 6–7 | Blue to violet | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH)₃ | Vitreous | Transparent to translucent | Perfect in one direction |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
December birthstones are not only admired for their beauty but also revered for their symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. These beliefs have been passed down through generations and continue to influence the way people view and use these gemstones.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli has long been associated with wisdom, truth, and spiritual enlightenment. In ancient Egypt, it was used in the tombs of pharaohs and was believed to provide protection in the afterlife. The stone is also linked to the crown chakra in Hindu and Buddhist traditions, symbolizing a connection to higher consciousness and divine knowledge.
In modern metaphysical practices, lapis lazuli is said to enhance self-awareness, encourage honesty, and promote inner peace. It is often used in meditation and is believed to stimulate intellectual abilities and foster a deeper understanding of oneself and the world.
Turquoise
Turquoise has been regarded as a protective stone for centuries. In Native American cultures, it was believed to bring good fortune, health, and protection from negative energies. It was often used in talismans and amulets, especially for warriors and hunters, who carried it for courage and strength.
In Chinese and Middle Eastern cultures, turquoise is considered a symbol of immortality and spiritual purity. It is believed to have healing properties and is often used in remedies for ailments of the throat, lungs, and skin. It is also associated with communication and is said to help one express their thoughts and emotions more clearly.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is often referred to as the "Star of David" due to its brilliance and fire. It is believed to enhance psychic abilities, stimulate intuition, and promote emotional balance. In ancient times, zircons were thought to ward off nightmares and negative energies, and they were worn by travelers for protection and guidance.
Blue zircon is also associated with prosperity and is believed to bring good luck and financial success. It is a stone of transformation, helping individuals shed old habits and embrace new possibilities.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is known as the stone of calm and serenity. It is believed to soothe the mind, reduce stress, and promote emotional stability. In metaphysical practices, it is used to enhance communication and foster trust and honesty in relationships.
Blue topaz is also associated with the throat chakra, making it a popular choice for those who wish to improve their ability to express themselves. It is believed to help one find their voice and speak their truth with confidence and clarity.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively new gemstone, but it has quickly gained a reputation for its transformative properties. It is believed to enhance emotional healing, encourage self-acceptance, and promote spiritual growth. Due to its rarity and unique color, it is often used in meditation and is said to connect the heart and crown chakras.
Tanzanite is also associated with the idea of living in the present moment. It is believed to help individuals release past traumas and embrace the future with optimism and hope.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Due to their varying hardness and composition, each gemstone requires specific handling and cleaning techniques.
Lapis Lazuli and Turquoise
Both lapis lazuli and turquoise are relatively soft gemstones with a Mohs hardness of 5–6. They are also porous and can easily absorb oils, dyes, and other substances that may alter their color or appearance.
- Cleaning: Use a soft, damp cloth and mild soap to gently wipe the surface of the gemstone. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can cause damage.
- Storage: Store lapis lazuli and turquoise separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. Keep them in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to prevent fading.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 6–7.5, making it suitable for daily wear. However, it is sensitive to heat and should be kept away from direct sunlight or high temperatures, which can cause it to lose its color.
- Cleaning: Use a soft cloth and mild detergent to clean blue zircon. Ultrasonic cleaning is generally safe, but it should be avoided if the gemstone has any inclusions or fractures.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a hard and durable gemstone with a hardness of 8. It is resistant to scratches and can be cleaned with standard jewelry cleaning methods.
- Cleaning: Use a soft cloth, mild soap, and warm water to clean blue topaz. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are also safe to use.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6–7 and a perfect cleavage in one direction. This means it can be easily damaged if struck or subjected to pressure.
- Cleaning: Use a soft cloth and mild detergent to clean tanzanite. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can cause damage to the gemstone.
- Storage: Store tanzanite in a separate compartment to prevent it from coming into contact with other jewelry that could cause scratches or chips.
Conclusion
December birthstones offer a unique and diverse selection of gemstones, each with its own distinct properties, history, and symbolism. From the deep blue of lapis lazuli to the vibrant turquoise, the brilliance of blue zircon, the serenity of blue topaz, and the rarity of tanzanite, these gemstones capture the essence of December in their colors and meanings.
Whether you choose a traditional gemstone or a modern alternative, December’s birthstones provide a meaningful way to connect with the past while celebrating the present. Their enduring appeal lies not only in their beauty but also in the stories and traditions that have shaped their significance over time.
For those born in December, wearing a birthstone is more than a fashion statement—it is a celebration of heritage, a symbol of personal identity, and a connection to the rich history of gemstones and their enduring allure.