For those born in November, the designation of a single birthstone is surprisingly complex. While topaz is currently recognized as the primary November birthstone, a compelling case can be made for amethyst as the original gem associated with this month, and citrine serves as a popular alternate. The story of November’s birthstones is a fascinating journey through historical translations, evolving traditions, and even modern commercial influences. This article will explore the history, origins, and characteristics of these three gemstones, detailing their significance and enduring appeal.
A Shifting Historical Landscape
The concept of birthstones dates back centuries, originating in a belief that specific gemstones held connections to the stars and influenced fortune. Early traditions linked gems to the twelve months of the year, though the associations were not always consistent. The earliest known list, derived from a translation of the Old Testament in the 2nd century BC, presented a different arrangement of stones than what is commonly recognized today, and the months weren’t even ordered as they are currently. Significant changes to the birthstone list occurred between the 6th and 10th centuries AD, influenced by various writers, historians, and even members of royal families.
For a considerable period, amethyst held the position of November’s birthstone. From roughly the 6th century onward, amethyst consistently appeared on birthstone lists in the Western world. The transition to topaz is somewhat shrouded in mystery. Scholars speculate that the change may have been the result of an error in copying or translation, or perhaps an intentional edit. Regardless, by the late 6th century, topaz had supplanted amethyst as the designated November gem. Notably, topaz maintained its position through the standardization of birthstones in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers.
The Rise of Citrine as an Alternate
The addition of citrine as an alternate November birthstone in 1952 reflects a shift towards commercial considerations within the jewelry industry. Jewelers discovered a method of artificially creating citrine by heat-treating amethyst. This process made citrine more readily available and affordable, providing an alternative for those seeking a yellow or golden-hued gemstone. This demonstrates how the birthstone list has adapted over time, influenced by both tradition and market demands.
Topaz: The Current November Birthstone
Topaz has been recognized as the November birthstone for over 1500 years, enjoying a long and consistent association with the month. Naturally, topaz exhibits earthy tones ranging from yellow to golden brown. However, much of the topaz available today has been treated to achieve a wider spectrum of colors, including gray, red-orange, and wine red.
Brazil is the primary source of topaz, but significant deposits are also found in Namibia, Russia, and Pakistan. The gem’s enduring popularity stems from its beauty, durability, and relative affordability.
Amethyst: A Contender for Originality
Despite being overtaken by topaz, amethyst retains a strong claim to the title of November birthstone. It is also the talismanic stone of Adnachiel, November’s Guardian Angel, according to some mystical traditions. The historical connection between amethyst and November is undeniable, and many still consider it a fitting representation of the month.
Citrine: Created by Heat and Pressure
Citrine, often described as a gemstone with warm golden and orange hues, is largely produced through the heat treatment of amethyst. This process is widespread, making citrine one of the most accessible and desired yellow gemstones on the market. The primary sources for natural citrine, and the amethyst subsequently heat-treated into citrine, are Bolivia, Spain, Madagascar, Mexico, and Uruguay.
The Anahí Mine in Bolivia
The Anahí mine in Bolivia holds a unique place in citrine history. Discovered in the 1600s by a Spanish conquistador who received it as a dowry upon marrying a princess from the Ayoreos tribe, the mine was lost for three centuries before being rediscovered in the 1960s. The Anahí mine is renowned for producing crystals containing both amethyst and citrine within the same stone, resulting in a unique gem known as ametrine. The citrine from this mine typically ranges in color from orange-yellow to brownish/greenish yellow.
Gemological Properties
While detailed gemological data is limited within the provided sources, some characteristics can be outlined:
| Gemstone | Color | Source Locations |
|---|---|---|
| Topaz | Yellow to golden brown, treated colors | Brazil, Namibia, Russia, Pakistan |
| Citrine | Yellow to orange | Bolivia, Spain, Madagascar, Mexico, Uruguay |
| Amethyst | Purple | Brazil (for heat treatment to Citrine) |
Symbolism and Lore
Beyond their aesthetic appeal, these November birthstones carry symbolic meanings. Topaz is associated with beneficent energy, alongside emerald, pearl, and diamond. Turquoise, another stone linked to the zodiac signs of Scorpio and Sagittarius, has been believed to offer protection for centuries, appearing in saddles and as offerings to deities. Amethyst is also linked to feelings of self-realization and calm, making it ideal for those prone to worry or anxiety. Chryospase, another stone associated with November, is believed to encourage open-mindedness and boost self-esteem.
Zodiac Connections
The zodiac signs associated with November – Scorpio (October 24 – November 21) and Sagittarius (November 22 – December 21) – have their own corresponding stones. These include turquoise, amethyst, sapphire, ruby, beryl, aquamarine, and garnet, offering a broader range of options for those who align with astrological beliefs.