For millennia, the deep, celestial blue of lapis lazuli has captivated humanity. Revered by ancient civilizations and modern enthusiasts alike, this gemstone holds a prominent place in history, art, and spirituality. While sapphire is currently recognized as the primary birthstone for September, lapis lazuli stands as a significant alternative, boasting a rich legacy as a symbol of wisdom, truth, and royal power. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this remarkable stone, drawing upon historical accounts and gemological understanding.
History and Lore
Lapis lazuli’s story begins over 6,500 years ago, with its earliest known use originating in the region of Afghanistan. From there, its influence spread throughout Asia, the Middle East, and the Roman world. Ancient cultures prized its vivid color, valuing it as much as other blue gemstones like sapphire and turquoise. It wasn’t merely ornamental; lapis lazuli was worn as both jewelry and an amulet, believed to offer protection and bestow blessings upon the wearer.
Evidence of its importance is found in the elaborate artistry of ancient Egypt. Powdered lapis lazuli was used as eyeshadow, while the stone itself adorned the sarcophagus of King Tutankhamun and embellished the walls, fireplaces, and doors of Catherine the Great’s Russian palace. The Egyptians and Mesopotamians referred to it as the “Stone of Rulers,” believing it brought wisdom, truth, and revealed inner insight. Sculptures of pharaohs often featured eyebrows or irises colored with this precious material.
The stone also appears in religious texts. It is believed to be the fifth stone in the breastplate of the High Priest, as described in the Old Testament, though it was historically misidentified as sapphire. Marco Polo documented the lapis lazuli mines in his travels in 1271, further cementing its place in historical records.
During the Middle Ages, lapis lazuli was transformed into a pigment known as ultramarine. At the time, ultramarine was more valuable than gold, and it was used by Renaissance masters like Michelangelo to create some of the most stunning paintings in history, notably the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
Geological Formation and Sources
Lapis lazuli is not a single mineral but a metamorphic rock composed of three primary components: lazurite, pyrite, and calcite. Lazurite is the dominant mineral, responsible for the stone’s characteristic deep blue color. The presence of pyrite creates speckles of yellow, while calcite adds white intrusions, resulting in a unique and varied appearance. To be classified as lapis lazuli, a rock must contain at least 25% blue lazurite.
The primary source of lapis lazuli for centuries has been the mines in Afghanistan, particularly the Badakhshan province. Other sources include China, Myanmar, and Pakistan. Historically, India, Czechoslovakia, Brazil, Uruguay, and Germany have also yielded specimens, though these are generally less significant in terms of quality and quantity.
Gemological Properties
Lapis lazuli possesses a hardness of 5-6 on the Mohs hardness scale, placing it in the middle range. This means it is harder than some gemstones but softer than many clear ones, making it susceptible to scratches and damage from pressure. It exhibits an excellent polish, which contributes to its appeal in jewelry making.
The name “lapis lazuli” itself is derived from two languages: “lapis” is Latin for “stone,” and “lazuli” comes from the Persian word “lazhuward,” meaning “blue.” The stone’s color can vary, but the most desirable specimens display a deep, intense blue. The presence of pyrite and calcite adds to its visual complexity, creating a distinctive matrix or feathering effect.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, lapis lazuli has been imbued with profound symbolic meaning. It is associated with power, wisdom, royalty, and truth. Ancient healers, priests, and royalty utilized the stone, believing it possessed psychic powers and the ability to strengthen the spirit. It was thought to inspire honesty in both speech and writing, and to relieve anger and bleak thoughts.
The stone is linked to the stars and heavens, promoting mental clarity, serenity, and self-mastery. It is believed to stimulate the throat chakra and the third eye, facilitating deeper understanding of the physical and spiritual worlds. In modern metaphysical practices, lapis lazuli is considered a stone of protection, radiating positive energy and raising optimism and confidence.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, lapis lazuli requires careful handling and cleaning. It is sensitive to pressure, heat, and harsh chemicals. Cleaning should be performed with a soft brush and mild soap, avoiding prolonged exposure to water. Machine cleaning methods, such as steam or ultrasonic systems, and abrasive cleaners should be avoided.
Lapis lazuli’s versatility allows it to be paired effectively with both silver and gold jewelry, as well as neutral colors. For a striking look, it can be combined with red or orange. Its blue hue complements purple and turquoise, making it a versatile addition to any wardrobe. The stone is also considered a good choice for men’s jewelry, as blue is a favored color among men.
Conclusion
Lapis lazuli stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones and their profound connection to human history and culture. From its ancient origins in Afghanistan to its prominent role in art, religion, and spirituality, this stone has captivated civilizations for millennia. Its rich blue color, unique composition, and symbolic significance continue to make it a treasured gemstone, representing wisdom, truth, and royal heritage. As a September birthstone, or simply as a beautiful and meaningful adornment, lapis lazuli remains a timeless treasure.