Turquoise has held a significant place in human history and culture for millennia, revered for its striking color and believed protective properties. As the traditional birthstone for December, it represents a connection to the sky, good fortune, and enduring health. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological characteristics, symbolism, and care of this captivating gemstone, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
The use of turquoise dates back thousands of years, with evidence of its presence in ancient civilizations across the globe. In ancient Egypt, turquoise adorned the funerary mask of King Tut, demonstrating its value and association with royalty and the afterlife. European tradition associates the gift of a turquoise ring with the sentiment “forget me not,” highlighting its connection to enduring affection.
Among Native American cultures, turquoise held profound spiritual significance. The Apache believed that finding turquoise involved following a rainbow to its end, and incorporating it into weaponry was thought to improve accuracy. The Pueblo people associated the gem’s color with the sky, while the Hopi believed it was created by lizards scurrying across the earth. In Tibet, turquoise is considered a national treasure, believed to bestow health, good fortune, and protection from evil influences, and to impart peace to those who wear it.
The practice of linking gemstones to specific months or astrological signs emerged over time, with the formalization of birthstone lists occurring much later. While the concept of associating gemstones with specific periods existed for centuries, the standardization of birthstones is relatively recent, with the Jewelers of America establishing an official list in 1912.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is formed through a secondary enrichment process, typically occurring in arid regions where copper-rich groundwater interacts with phosphate-rich rocks. This process results in the formation of hydrated copper aluminum phosphate, the chemical composition of turquoise.
For over 1,000 years, the Nishapur district of Iran has been a primary source of high-quality turquoise. The most prized material from this region is characterized by an even, intense blue color, often referred to as “robin’s egg blue,” “sky blue,” or “Persian blue.” These terms are now used by trade professionals to describe turquoise of this color, regardless of its origin.
Gemological Properties
While detailed gemological properties are limited within the provided sources, some characteristics are noted. Turquoise is not compared to other gemstones on the Mohs scale of hardness, but its use in ancient weaponry suggests a degree of durability. The most valued turquoise exhibits a consistent, intense blue hue. Variations in color can occur, but the “Persian blue” shade remains highly sought after.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, turquoise has been imbued with a variety of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. It is often associated with protection, good fortune, and health. The belief that turquoise possesses healing and protective properties dates back to ancient times, with various cultures utilizing it for these purposes. Some cultures believe that turquoise can awaken hidden powers, while others attribute to it the ability to affect the mind, body, and soul, bringing luck and fortune.
The concept of “Astral stones,” originating from astrology, links gemstones to astrological signs and their corresponding energies. This belief suggests that gemstones can influence the energies of the planets and affect an individual’s qualities, personality, and overall well-being.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific guidance on the care and cleaning of turquoise.
Conclusion
Turquoise stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones and their deep connection to human history and belief. From its ancient origins in Egypt and its revered status among Native American cultures to its modern role as a December birthstone, turquoise continues to captivate with its vibrant color and symbolic significance. Its association with protection, good fortune, and health ensures its continued appeal for generations to come.