December is traditionally associated with a range of gemstones, most notably turquoise, but also encompassing a fascinating array of green varieties including variscite, zoisite, tourmaline, tsavorite, green garnet, green sapphire, and even green diamonds. These stones, each with unique properties and histories, offer a diverse palette for those born in the final month of the year. This article will delve into the characteristics, origins, and significance of these December birthstones, drawing upon available information to provide a comprehensive overview.
History and Lore
Turquoise holds a prominent place in the history of December birthstones. It is popularly fashioned into beaded jewelry and has been valued for its perceived ability to bestow luck and eliminate negative thoughts. While specific historical details regarding its earliest use are not provided, the stone’s association with Mediterranean regions and the United States suggests a long-standing presence in these cultures.
Beyond turquoise, the lore surrounding these gemstones varies. Green diamonds are prized by collectors and symbolize strength, longevity, and abundance. Green garnet, though less known than its red counterpart, is associated with improving energy and awareness. Green sapphires are believed to heal emotions, while zoisite is thought to align the heart chakra and remove emotional blockages. Tsavorite, a relatively recent discovery, is considered a more affordable alternative to emeralds and is linked to recovery from trauma.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones are geographically diverse. Turquoise, as its name suggests, is found in hues ranging from sea blue to medium green, marked by dark inclusions, and originates from both Mediterranean regions and the United States. Variscite, a hydrated aluminum phosphate distinguished by its chromium traces and white vein-like inclusions, is sourced from Germany, Austria, Australia, the Czech Republic, and the Congo.
Zoisite, also known as saulapite, is found in Tanzania and often undergoes heat treatment to enhance its green hue. Tsavorite, a calcium and aluminum-based garnet, is mined in Tanzania and Madagascar. Green garnet itself is sourced from Kenya and Madagascar. Green sapphires are found in Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Australia, Madagascar, and Montana, while green zircon’s origins are not specified. Green diamonds, being exceptionally rare, are prized by collectors.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of these December birthstones vary significantly, impacting their suitability for different types of jewelry and their overall durability. The Mohs Hardness Scale, a measure of a mineral’s resistance to scratching, provides a useful comparison.
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness | Suitability for Wear |
|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | 5 to 6 | Occasional wear |
| Variscite | 3.5 to 5 | Collecting, poor wearability |
| Zoisite | 6 to 7 | Casual beaded bracelets, collecting |
| Tourmaline | 7 to 7.5 | Birthstone jewelry |
| Tsavorite | 7 to 7.5 | Fine jewelry |
| Green Garnet | 6.5 to 7 | Collecting, occasion jewelry |
| Green Sapphire | 9 | Everyday wear, collecting |
| Green Diamond | 10 | Engagement rings, fine jewelry |
Turquoise, a member of the phosphate family, exhibits a signature bluish-green to greenish-blue hue with a matrix of dark inclusions. Variscite, while sometimes mistaken for turquoise, has less blue undertones and a more distinct medium green hue. Zoisite can range in color, including pink, gray, lavender, and light green, often with black, scattered veins. Tourmaline is used in a wide range of jewelry. Tsavorite is a splendid, medium to deep emerald green with the potential for excellent clarity and faceting. Green garnet can be opaque to transparent, exhibiting yellow and green inclusions. Green sapphires may be yellow-green, olive green, or medium green, sometimes with blue undertones. Green diamonds are highly valued for their rarity and color.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond their aesthetic appeal, these gemstones are imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical beliefs. Turquoise is believed to bestow luck and eliminate negative thoughts. Green diamonds symbolize strength, longevity, and abundance. Green garnet is associated with improved energy and awareness. Green sapphires are thought to heal emotions, and zoisite is believed to align the heart chakra and remove emotional blockages. Tsavorite is linked to recovery from physical and emotional trauma. Tourmaline is said to inspire creativity.
Care and Cleaning
The care and cleaning requirements for these December birthstones vary based on their hardness and durability. Turquoise, with a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, is suitable for occasional wear and requires gentle cleaning. Variscite, being softer (3.5 to 5), is best suited for collecting and should be handled with care. Zoisite (6 to 7) and tourmaline (7 to 7.5) are suitable for casual beaded bracelets and birthstone jewelry, respectively. Tsavorite and green garnet (6.5 to 7.5) are appropriate for fine jewelry and collecting. Green sapphire (9) is durable enough for everyday wear, while green diamonds (10) are exceptionally durable and suitable for engagement rings and fine jewelry. General cleaning can be performed with mild soap and warm water, but ultrasonic cleaners should be avoided for softer stones like turquoise and variscite.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones offer a rich and diverse selection of gemstones, each with its unique history, geological origins, and symbolic meaning. From the traditional turquoise to the rarer green diamond, these stones provide a spectrum of options for those seeking beauty, durability, and metaphysical properties. The variety ensures that individuals born in December can find a gemstone that resonates with their personal preferences and beliefs. The range of hardnesses and origins also highlights the fascinating world of gemology and the natural processes that create these treasured stones.