The world of gemstones offers a rich tapestry of color, history, and lore, and the tradition of birthstones provides a personal connection to these natural wonders. While many associate specific stones with each month, the landscape of birthstones has evolved over time. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and significance of Tanzanite, a modern birthstone for December, and Citrine, a November birthstone, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The concept of linking gemstones to specific months is not ancient, but rather developed over centuries. The practice originates in biblical times, with the twelve gemstones on the breastplate of Aaron believed to correspond to the twelve tribes of Israel. Later, in the 1st and 5th centuries CE, Josephus and St. Jerome connected these gems to the zodiac signs, suggesting each stone offered unique powers during its corresponding astrological period. Initially, the practice involved collecting all twelve stones for year-round benefit. The modern practice of assigning a single gem to each month emerged between the 16th and 18th centuries, with a Polish list forming the basis for “traditional” birthstones. In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers in the United States released a list of “modern” birthstones, further solidifying the current associations.
Tanzanite is a relatively recent addition to the birthstone family, officially recognized by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) in 2002. Its introduction to the international market is largely credited to Tiffany & Co., who launched a successful marketing campaign to popularize the gem. Citrine, however, was added to the list by the Jewelers of America organization in 1952.
Historically, turquoise held a prominent position as a December birthstone, valued by ancient civilizations like the Mexicans and Egyptians as early as 3000 B.C. Turquoise was even incorporated into the iconic mask of Tutankhamun, alongside lapis lazuli, quartz, and other gemstones. Similarly, topaz has long been associated with November, serving as the traditional birthstone for those born in that month.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tanzanite’s unique characteristic is its limited geographical origin. It is exclusively found in a small area of Tanzania, leading to concerns about potential depletion of deposits within a few decades. The gem is a variety of the mineral zoisite, and its name directly reflects its Tanzanian origin.
Citrine, a variety of quartz, is more widely distributed. While naturally occurring citrine is rare, much of the citrine available today is produced by heat-treating amethyst or smoked quartz. This process enhances the yellow color, making it more commercially viable. The sources for naturally occurring citrine are not explicitly detailed in the provided materials.
Gemological Properties
Tanzanite is typically violet in color, often with brownish tones. These brownish hues are frequently reduced through heat treatment, resulting in more intense blue-violet colors. The sources do not provide specific details regarding its chemical composition, hardness, or refractive index.
Citrine is described as a beautiful and attractive yellow gemstone. Its good degree of hardness, transparency, and brightness, combined with its affordability, make it a popular choice for jewelry. The sources do not provide specific details regarding its chemical composition, hardness, or refractive index.
A comparison of birthstones and their modern/traditional associations is shown below:
| MODERN | TRADITIONAL | |
|---|---|---|
| JAN | Garnet | Garnet |
| FEB | Amethyst | Amethyst |
| MAR | Aquamarine | Bloodstone |
| APR | Diamond | Diamond |
| MAY | Emerald | Emerald |
| JUN | Alexandrite | Pearl |
| JUL | Ruby | Ruby |
| AUG | PeridotSpinel | Sardonyx |
| SEP | Sapphire | Sapphire |
| OCT | Tourmaline | Opal |
| NOV | Golden TopazCitrine | Topaz |
| DEC | Blue ZirconBlue TopazTanzanite | TurquoiseLapis Lazuli |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Citrine, in particular, is believed to radiate positive energy, generate stability, and alleviate depression. It is also known as the “merchant’s stone,” with some businesses keeping a citrine crystal in their registers to attract good fortune and business success.
Red gemstones, including spinel, were historically thought to be remedies for blood loss and inflammatory diseases, and were believed to ease anger and promote harmony. Peridot, the traditional August birthstone, symbolized strength and was used as a ward against nightmares, evil, and enchantments. Ancient Hawaiians believed peridot stones were the tears of the goddess Pele, brought to the surface by volcanoes. Sapphires, the September birthstone, have long been associated with wisdom, purity, and faith, and were worn by Christian clergy in the Middle Ages as symbols of heaven.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific guidance on the care and cleaning of Tanzanite or Citrine. However, given Citrine’s good degree of hardness, it is likely relatively durable and can withstand standard jewelry cleaning methods. Further research would be needed to determine the best practices for maintaining Tanzanite, considering its potential for color alteration through heat treatment.
Conclusion
Tanzanite and Citrine represent the evolving nature of birthstone traditions. Tanzanite, a recent addition, benefits from a compelling origin story and a vibrant color, while Citrine, with its long-standing association with November, offers a blend of beauty, affordability, and perceived metaphysical benefits. Both gemstones, whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, historical significance, or symbolic meaning, continue to captivate and inspire. The modern birthstone chart allows for personal preference, with individuals able to choose from traditional or contemporary options, reflecting a dynamic and inclusive approach to these cherished gems.