December is uniquely represented by not one, but several birthstones: Tanzanite, Blue Zircon, and Blue Topaz. While modern lists often highlight Tanzanite and Blue Topaz, traditional associations include Turquoise and Lapis Lazuli. This article will focus on Tanzanite and Topaz, exploring their history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance, drawing solely from available sources.
The practice of associating gemstones with specific months is a relatively recent development, evolving from ancient beliefs linking gems to zodiac signs and the twelve tribes of Israel. While early traditions involved wearing different stones throughout the year for various benefits, the modern custom of selecting a single birthstone per month emerged between the 16th and 18th centuries, with a formalized list published by the National Association of Jewelers in 1912. The addition of gems like Tanzanite to the modern birthstone chart reflects ongoing discoveries and evolving preferences within the jewelry industry.
Tanzanite: A Recent Discovery
Tanzanite is a relatively recent addition to the world of gemstones, first discovered in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania in 1967. It is a blue to violet to purple variety of the mineral zoisite. Commercially, it is mined exclusively from this single area of the world, making it a geographically limited and therefore prized gemstone. The discovery occurred during a period of significant change in the birthstone landscape, as jewelers began to expand the options available to consumers.
Topaz: A Stone of Many Colors
Topaz, in contrast to Tanzanite, has a long and storied history. While December is now commonly associated with Blue Topaz, the gem occurs in a wide range of colors, including yellow, orange, brown, and even colorless varieties. Historically, November was also associated with Topaz, demonstrating the fluidity of birthstone assignments over time. Golden Topaz and Citrine are both listed as November birthstones alongside Topaz, further illustrating this overlap.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tanzanite’s unique geological formation is tied to its singular origin. It forms within a specific metamorphic zone in the Merelani Hills, a result of intense heat and pressure applied to zoisite deposits. The rarity of this geological environment explains why Tanzanite is found nowhere else on Earth.
Topaz, however, is found in a variety of geological settings. Its formation often involves the presence of fluorine-rich fluids during the late stages of volcanic activity. While specific sources for the December-associated Blue Topaz are not detailed in the provided sources, Topaz in general is found in numerous locations worldwide.
Gemological Properties
The sources do not provide detailed gemological properties for either Tanzanite or Topaz, such as refractive index or specific gravity. However, they do offer some descriptive characteristics. Tanzanite is characterized by its trichroism, meaning it displays three different colors – blue, violet, and purple – depending on the viewing angle.
Topaz is noted for its hardness and clarity, making it suitable for a wide range of jewelry applications. The sources highlight the variety of colors available in Topaz, with Blue Topaz being a popular choice for December birthstone jewelry.
A comparison of hardness, based on general gemological knowledge (not provided in the sources, but included for context), would place Topaz at 8 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable, while Tanzanite is around 6.5-7, requiring more careful handling.
History and Lore
The history of Topaz extends back centuries, with references appearing in ancient texts. The sources do not detail specific historical uses or beliefs associated with Topaz, but it is implied that it was considered a stone of strength and protection.
Tanzanite, being a recent discovery, lacks the extensive historical lore of older gemstones. Its association with December is a product of the 20th-century modernization of birthstone lists. However, its rarity and striking color have quickly established it as a desirable and valuable gemstone.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
While the sources do not delve deeply into the metaphysical properties of either gemstone, they hint at symbolic associations. Garnets, often associated with January, are believed to be protective stones, shielding the wearer from injury. This suggests a broader tradition of attributing protective qualities to gemstones.
The sources mention that ancient cultures believed aquamarine had healing powers for the heart, liver, and stomach, and that emeralds were associated with rebirth, foresight, youth, and good fortune. This illustrates a historical tendency to imbue gemstones with specific powers and meanings.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for Tanzanite or Topaz. However, given Topaz’s hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, it is relatively durable and can withstand regular wear. Tanzanite, with a lower hardness, requires more careful handling to avoid scratches and damage. General gemstone care guidelines recommend avoiding harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and extreme temperature changes. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is typically recommended for most gemstones.
Modern vs. Traditional Birthstones
The distinction between modern and traditional birthstones is a key aspect of understanding the evolving history of these associations. The sources highlight that the modern birthstone chart includes recent additions like Tanzanite and Spinel, while traditional lists often feature stones like Turquoise and Lapis Lazuli for December. This reflects a growing trend towards personalization and consumer choice in birthstone selection. In the United States, individuals often draw from both lists, selecting the stones that appeal to them most.
The Polish Tradition
The origins of associating gemstones with months can be traced back to 15th and 16th century Poland. However, unlike the modern practice of wearing a single birthstone per month, Polish tradition involved changing stones throughout the year to maintain good fortune. This demonstrates a different approach to gemstone symbolism, focused on adapting to the changing energies of each month rather than identifying with a single stone.
Conclusion
Tanzanite and Topaz represent the dynamic nature of birthstone traditions. Tanzanite, a recent discovery, embodies the excitement of new finds and evolving preferences. Topaz, with its long history and diverse colors, reflects the enduring appeal of classic gemstones. The choice between these December birthstones, or a return to traditional options like Turquoise, ultimately rests with the individual, allowing for a personalized connection to the rich history and symbolism of gemstones. The modern birthstone chart offers a wider range of options, catering to diverse tastes and budgets, while still acknowledging the enduring legacy of traditional associations.