Peridot, a vibrant green gemstone, holds the distinction as a primary birthstone for the month of August, alongside spinel and sardonyx. Revered throughout history for its beauty and believed properties, peridot boasts a unique origin story – often found in volcanic lava and even within meteorites. This article delves into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this fascinating gem, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The association of gemstones with specific months is a relatively modern concept, evolving from ancient traditions linking gems to zodiac signs and the twelve tribes of Israel. While the practice of wearing all twelve gems for year-round benefit predates it, the focused assignment of a single gem to each month emerged between the 16th and 18th centuries. Peridot’s history, however, extends far beyond this timeframe.
Ancient Egyptians held peridot in high esteem, referring to it as “The Gem of the Sun.” This reverence stemmed from the gem’s vibrant green color and its perceived rarity. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have actually consisted largely of peridot. The gem’s use wasn’t limited to adornment; it was believed to possess protective qualities, warding off nightmares, evil, and enchantments.
Medieval Europe continued to value peridot, incorporating it into religious artifacts. Notably, the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems initially believed to be emeralds, but later identified as peridot. Priests’ jewelry as early as the second century BCE also featured the gem. Throughout the centuries, peridot has been considered a protective talisman, shielding the wearer from negative energies and “terrors of the night.” It is also the traditional gem given to celebrate a 16th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine, formed under extreme conditions deep within the Earth’s mantle. This unique formation process contributes to its occasional presence in unusual locations. While most peridot found in jewelry today originates from sources like China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States, its origins are far more diverse.
The Red Sea island of Zabargad (formerly known as Topazios) represents the oldest recorded source of peridot, with mining potentially beginning as early as 340–279 BCE. Despite producing beautiful specimens, the island’s harsh conditions earned it ominous nicknames like “Island of Death” and “Ophiodes” (snake island). Peridot from Zabargad remains highly prized and can be found in prestigious museum collections.
Myanmar (formerly Burma) is another significant source, with loose peridot crystals sometimes found in crevices on the northern slope of Kyaukpon, near the gem city of Mogok. The finest-quality peridot from this locality exhibits deep color and superb transparency.
Within the United States, Arizona stands out as the primary source. Volcanic eruptions thousands of years ago deposited rivers of lava across the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, where some Apache families have mined the gem for decades.
Remarkably, peridot has also been discovered within pallasite meteorites – a unique type of meteorite composed of nickel-iron and olivine. While thousands of meteorites have impacted Earth, only a select few contain gem-quality peridot. The presence of peridot in meteorites underscores its cosmic origins, reinforcing the belief in its extraterrestrial powers held by some. Hawaii also offers a unique source, with Peridot Beach sands shimmering a luminous green.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is characterized by its transparent nature and a color range spanning yellowish-green to brownish-green, though the most popular and sought-after shade is a light or lime green. It possesses a slightly oily or greasy luster, a characteristic that distinguishes it from many other gemstones, as it is known for exhibiting only one color – green. The name “peridot” originates from the Arabic word “faridat,” meaning gem.
On the Mohs scale of hardness, peridot registers between 6.5 and 7. This places it lower than many other commonly used gemstones, making it susceptible to scratching and less suitable for daily wear in rings. It is also vulnerable to damage from certain acids and prolonged exposure to acidic perspiration.
Peridot is the gem variety of olivine, with a chemical formula of (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. This indicates that it is a silicate mineral containing magnesium and iron.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Traditionally, it symbolized strength and was believed to offer protection against negative forces. Ancient Hawaiians associated the gem with the tears of the goddess Pele, brought to the surface by volcanic activity.
The gem’s light-colored varieties have often been linked to light and cosmic, extra-terrestrial powers, stemming from its association with meteorites. It was valued as a protective talisman, shielding the owner from evil spirits and nightmares.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively lower hardness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. Steam and ultrasonic cleaners should be avoided, as the gem is vulnerable to thermal shock. The safest method involves using a soft-bristle brush with mild dish soap in warm water. Peridot should be stored with care, separated from harder gemstones to prevent scratching. It is not recommended for daily wear in rings due to its susceptibility to damage. Long-term exposure to acidic perspiration should also be avoided.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating green birthstone of August, offers a compelling blend of historical significance, geological intrigue, and symbolic meaning. From its ancient origins in Egypt and medieval European churches to its cosmic presence in meteorites, peridot’s journey through time has cemented its place as a cherished gemstone. Its unique formation, vibrant color, and perceived protective qualities continue to captivate gem enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike. While requiring careful handling due to its relative softness, peridot remains a beautiful and meaningful gem, embodying the warmth and vibrancy of a summer’s day.