Alexandrite is a relatively recent addition to the world of recognized birthstones, officially designated for the month of June. This gem is celebrated for its remarkable color-changing ability, shifting hues between red and green depending on the light source. Its discovery in Russia’s Ural Mountains in 1834 cemented its place in gemological history, and it quickly became a symbol of prestige and national pride. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of this fascinating gemstone.
The story of alexandrite’s discovery is shrouded in some uncertainty. Sources offer conflicting accounts regarding the exact individuals credited with its initial identification. Finnish mineralogist Nils Gustaf Nordenskiöld, Ural Mine manager Vasilevich Kokovin, German mineralogy professor Gustav Rose, and Russian mineralogist Count L.A. Perovskii are all mentioned as potential discoverers. However, it was Count L.A. Perovskii who ultimately presented the gem to Alexander II, the future Czar, on his sixteenth birthday, April 29th, leading to the stone being named in his honor.
For decades following its discovery, Russia remained the sole source of alexandrite. However, by the 1890s, the Russian mines were nearing depletion. It wasn’t until 1987 that Brazil emerged as another significant source, followed by finds in Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe. The initial Russian deposits produced stones of exceptional quality, and Russian alexandrite became highly valued, even mirroring the colors of the Russian military uniform, further enhancing its national symbolism. Alexander II was known to frequently wear an alexandrite ring, suggesting its importance as a personal talisman.
Beyond its association with Russian royalty, alexandrite held different meanings for other cultures. Some believed the gemstone’s color changes served as indicators of potential danger, acting as a warning system for the wearer. This belief highlights the gem’s perceived connection to intuition and protection.
Historical Shifts in Birthstone Designation
The designation of birthstones has evolved over time. Initially, gemstones were linked to zodiac signs rather than specific months. The formalized system of monthly birthstones began to take shape in the 19th century. Tiffany & Co. published a pamphlet in 1870 listing pearl as the birthstone for June, demonstrating that the selection of birthstones was not always consistent. It wasn’t until more recently that alexandrite, alongside pearl and moonstone, gained official recognition as a June birthstone. This change reflects a growing appreciation for the gem’s unique properties and historical significance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Alexandrite is a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl. The formation of alexandrite requires a unique geological environment rich in beryllium and chromium. These elements rarely occur together, making alexandrite a relatively rare gemstone. The Ural Mountains in Russia provided the ideal conditions for its initial formation, within pegmatite rocks.
The discovery of alexandrite in Brazil in 1987 revitalized the supply of this gemstone. Subsequent finds in Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe further expanded its availability, though the quality and color change characteristics can vary significantly between these sources. Myanmar is also noted as a source of hot pink and red spinel, a gem often mistaken for ruby.
Gemological Properties
Alexandrite’s most defining characteristic is its dramatic color change. In daylight or fluorescent light, it appears green to bluish-green. However, under incandescent light, it transforms to a red or purplish-red hue. This phenomenon is caused by the gem’s ability to absorb different wavelengths of light depending on the light source.
While the provided sources do not detail specific refractive indices or chemical formulas, they do highlight the gem’s unique optical properties. Alexandrite is a durable gemstone, though specific hardness data is not provided in the sources. The gem’s value is significantly influenced by the strength and clarity of its color change. The most prized alexandrites exhibit a distinct and vivid shift between green and red.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. While the sources do not delve deeply into these beliefs, they suggest that alexandrite was associated with notions of prestige, national pride, and even protection. The color change itself was interpreted by some cultures as a warning sign, indicating potential danger. Red gemstones, in general, were historically believed to be remedies for blood loss and inflammatory diseases, and to promote harmony and ease anger.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for alexandrite. However, given its durability, it is likely that standard gemstone care practices apply. These include cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush, and avoiding harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners.
Other June Birthstones: Pearls and Moonstone
Alongside alexandrite, pearl and moonstone share the designation of June birthstones. Pearls, “the gems of the sea,” have a long history of association with purity and marriage, reflecting the month of June’s connection to weddings and celebrations. Moonstone, with its ethereal glow, adds another dimension to the June birthstone trio. The inclusion of three birthstones for June reflects the multifaceted nature of the month itself, representing excitement, balance, and rejuvenation.
August Birthstones: Peridot, Spinel, and Sardonyx
The month of August is also represented by three birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Peridot, a yellowish-green gem, has been historically confused with emerald and topaz, and was even believed to be sourced from the Red Sea island of Topazios. Spinel, often mistaken for ruby in the past, gained official birthstone status in 2016, following a decision by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America (JA). Spinel’s name originates from the Latin word for thorn, referencing the shape of its crystals. Sardonyx, the original August birthstone, boasts a history spanning over 4,000 years.
The Recognition of Spinel
The addition of spinel to the list of official August birthstones in 2016 was a significant event in the gemological world. This decision was driven by a desire to expand the options available to gemstone enthusiasts and to recognize the historical importance of spinel, which was often misidentified as ruby in historical collections, including the famous “Black Prince’s Ruby” in the British Imperial State Crown. The recognition of spinel as a distinct gemstone reflects advancements in gemological technology that allowed for accurate identification of its chemical composition.
Sapphire: September’s Royal Gem
Sapphire is the modern birthstone for September, symbolizing wisdom and purity. Historically, sapphires were favored by priests and kings, and remain prominent in the British Crown Jewels. Prince Charles notably chose a sapphire for Princess Diana’s engagement ring, further solidifying the gem’s association with royalty and enduring love. The name “sapphirus” originates from the Greek word for blue, reflecting the gem’s most iconic color.
Conclusion
Alexandrite stands as a remarkable gemstone, celebrated for its captivating color change, intriguing history, and association with Russian royalty. Its journey from discovery in the Ural Mountains to its recognition as a June birthstone highlights the evolving understanding and appreciation of this unique gem. Alongside pearl and moonstone, alexandrite embodies the spirit of June, representing excitement, balance, and rejuvenation. The recent recognition of spinel as an August birthstone demonstrates the ongoing evolution of birthstone traditions and the importance of acknowledging historically significant gemstones. These gems, and others like sapphire, continue to captivate and inspire, offering a glimpse into the beauty and wonder of the natural world.