Turquoise, a captivating opaque gem, holds the distinction of being one of the birthstones for December, alongside Tanzanite and Blue Zircon. Its history is deeply interwoven with human civilization, appearing in archaeological finds dating back millennia, and continuing to hold cultural significance today. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of turquoise, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
The story of turquoise extends far back in time, with evidence of its use dating to ancient Egypt. The gem notably adorned the funerary mask of King Tut, who ruled over 3,000 years ago, demonstrating its value and prestige in ancient cultures. Its journey continued westward, reaching Europe in the thirteenth century via Turkish trade routes, hence the name derived from the French “Pierre Tourques,” meaning “Turkish Stone.”
Throughout history, turquoise has been imbued with protective and healing properties. In Tibetan tradition, it is considered a national treasure, believed to grant health, good fortune, and protection from evil. European folklore associates turquoise with forgetfulness, as gifting a turquoise ring signified a plea to “forget me not.” The gem is also believed to impart peace to those who wear it.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a relatively unique gem in its formation, requiring a specific set of geological conditions. It forms in arid and barren regions where acidic, copper-rich groundwater interacts with minerals containing phosphorus and aluminum. This sedimentary process results in a porous, semi-translucent to opaque compound of hydrated copper and aluminum phosphate.
Historically, Iran’s Nishapur district has been a prized source of turquoise for over 1,000 years. The intensely blue variety from this region, often described as “robin’s egg blue,” “sky blue,” or “Persian blue,” remains highly sought after, with these terms now used to describe turquoise of this color regardless of its origin.
In more recent times, the United States has become a significant producer of turquoise. While New Mexico was once the largest producer, Arizona and Nevada currently lead U.S. production. Notable mines include Dry Creek, Easter Blue, Emerald Valley, Fox, and the historically important Kingman mine in Arizona. Arizona’s Sleeping Beauty mine was also a prolific producer for over four decades before its closure.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise is characterized as an opaque colored stone, lacking the sparkle and clarity of gems like ruby, emerald, diamond, or sapphire. Its color range is diverse, spanning dull greens to grass greens, and culminating in a bright, medium-toned sky blue – the most valued hue. The gem’s composition is a hydrated copper and aluminum phosphate.
While specific details regarding hardness, refractive index, or chemical formulas are not provided in the available sources, it is noted that turquoise is porous, influencing its durability and care requirements. It is marketed both as a gem for jewelry and as an ornamental material, highlighting its versatility.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond its aesthetic appeal, turquoise carries significant symbolic weight. It represents a connection to ancient heritage and possesses a “soul-satisfying” color that resonates with many. In Tibet, it is believed to offer health and protection, while in Europe, it symbolizes enduring remembrance. The gem’s long history and association with royalty, such as its presence in King Tut’s mask and the jewelry of the Duchess of Windsor, further enhance its symbolic value.
Care and Cleaning
The available sources do not provide detailed instructions on the care and cleaning of turquoise. However, given its porous nature, it can be inferred that it may be susceptible to damage from harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners. Gentle handling and avoiding prolonged exposure to extreme conditions are likely recommended. Further research beyond the provided sources would be necessary to provide comprehensive care guidelines.
December Birthstone Options
While turquoise is a traditional December birthstone, it is not the only option. Modern lists include Blue Zircon and Tanzanite as alternatives. The National Association of Jewelers standardized birthstone lists in 1912, offering consumers a choice between traditional and modern gems for each month. Other classifications, such as Tibetan, Ayurvedic, and Hebrew traditions, also offer unique birthstone associations.
Historical Context of Birthstone Lists
The concept of birthstones has evolved over centuries. Its origins can be traced back to biblical times, with the twelve gemstones on the breastplate of Aaron believed to correspond to the twelve tribes of Israel. Later, Josephus and St. Jerome linked these gems to the signs of the zodiac, suggesting each stone offered special powers during its corresponding astrological period. The practice of wearing all twelve gems throughout the year for therapeutic benefits was common. The modern association of one gem per month emerged between the 16th and 18th centuries, with the American National Association of Jewelers releasing a standardized list in 1912.
Turquoise in Different Traditions
The categorization of birthstones varies across cultures. Traditional Western associations, documented in a pamphlet released by Tiffany & Co. in 1917, differ from modern classifications created by the National Association of Jewelers. Tibetan and Ayurvedic traditions also offer unique birthstone selections, reflecting their respective spiritual and medicinal practices. Hebrew birthstones correlate with the stones in Aaron’s breastplate, the twelve months, and the twelve tribes of Israel.
Conclusion
Turquoise stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones, bridging ancient history with contemporary jewelry design. Its captivating color, unique geological formation, and rich cultural symbolism have cemented its place as a cherished December birthstone. From adorning the pharaohs of Egypt to gracing the necks of European royalty, turquoise continues to captivate and inspire, embodying a legacy of beauty, protection, and remembrance.