Ammolite is a captivating gemstone celebrated for its vibrant, iridescent colors, originating from a unique and relatively recent source – prehistoric marine fossils. Officially recognized as a gem in 1981 by the World Jewellery Confederation, ammolite possesses a fascinating history and a growing presence in the world of gemstones. This article will delve into the origins, properties, symbolism, and care of this remarkable gem, exploring its journey from ancient fossil to modern birthstone consideration.
History and Lore
The story of ammolite is intrinsically linked to the fossilized remains of ammonites, marine cephalopods that thrived millions of years ago. These creatures lived approximately 71 million years ago, and their shells, composed of aragonite, underwent a remarkable transformation over millennia. The process of fossilization, combined with specific geological conditions, resulted in the formation of ammolite, characterized by its layered iridescence.
While the fossils themselves have been known for centuries, their gemological potential was not fully realized until relatively recently. Indigenous peoples of North America, particularly the Blackfoot and Cree, held these “buffalo stones” in high regard, utilizing them for ceremonial purposes and believing they possessed spiritual power. They were often used as sacred objects and were thought to attract good luck.
The formal recognition of ammolite as a gemstone is a more recent development. In 1981, the World Jewellery Confederation officially bestowed gem status upon it, acknowledging its unique beauty and geological origins. This recognition paved the way for its inclusion in jewelry and its growing popularity among collectors and enthusiasts.
Geological Formation and Sources
Ammolite’s formation is a rare geological phenomenon. It originates exclusively from the Bearpaw Formation in southern Alberta, Canada. This formation, dating back to the Cretaceous period, contains an abundance of ammonite fossils. The iridescent layers within ammolite are created by the diffraction of light passing through the thin, layered aragonite structure of the fossilized shell. The specific colors displayed depend on the thickness and arrangement of these layers.
The process begins with the ammonite’s death and subsequent burial in marine sediments. Over millions of years, the sediments compact and lithify into rock. Simultaneously, the aragonite shell undergoes diagenesis, a process of chemical and physical alteration. This process, combined with the presence of trace minerals, results in the formation of the iridescent layers that define ammolite. The unique geological conditions in the Bearpaw Formation, including specific pressure, temperature, and mineral composition, are crucial for the development of this gemstone.
Currently, Canada remains the sole commercial source of ammolite. The gem is extracted from shale deposits within the Bearpaw Formation, requiring careful excavation and processing to preserve its delicate structure and vibrant colors.
Gemological Properties
Ammolite exhibits a unique combination of gemological properties. Its color is arguably its most striking characteristic, displaying a full spectrum of iridescent hues, including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple. Each gem possesses a unique color pattern, making every piece one-of-a-kind. The luminosity of ammolite is often compared to that of black opal, showcasing a similar play of color and fire.
However, ammolite is relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness ranging from 3.5 to 4. This softness makes it susceptible to scratching and abrasion. To enhance its durability, ammolite is often backed with a protective layer of spinel, which increases its hardness to approximately 8.5 on the Mohs scale.
Here's a summary of ammolite's key properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | CaCO₃ (Aragonite) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 3.5 - 4 (unbacked) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8.5 (spinel-backed) |
| Luster | Vitreous, Iridescent |
| Transparency | Opaque |
| Refractive Index | Not Applicable (aggregate) |
| Specific Gravity | 2.6 - 2.8 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Ammolite has garnered significant symbolic meaning across various cultures and belief systems. Feng Shui practitioners believe that its vibrant colors awaken positive energy, stimulate creativity, and promote wisdom, intellect, and wealth. This belief has led to its designation as a “gem of enlightenment” by wearers and collectors.
Historically, Indigenous peoples of North America revered ammolite as a sacred stone, associating it with spiritual power and good fortune. The gem was used in ceremonies and believed to connect individuals with the natural world.
Modern metaphysical beliefs attribute various healing properties to ammolite, including emotional healing, stress reduction, and enhanced intuition. Some believe it can help release negative energy and promote a sense of well-being.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relative softness, ammolite requires careful handling and maintenance. It is susceptible to scratches and damage from harsh chemicals or abrasive materials. To clean ammolite jewelry, it is recommended to use a soft cloth and lukewarm water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners, steam cleaners, and harsh detergents.
Storing ammolite jewelry separately from other gemstones is crucial to prevent scratching. It is best to keep it in a soft pouch or jewelry box. Given its sensitivity, ammolite jewelry is often best suited for occasional wear rather than daily use. The protective spinel backing, when present, significantly enhances its durability, but careful handling remains essential.
Conclusion
Ammolite stands as a unique and captivating gemstone, distinguished by its iridescent colors, fascinating origins, and relatively recent recognition. From its ancient roots as a sacred stone to its modern status as a gem of enlightenment, ammolite continues to intrigue and inspire. Its limited source, coupled with its delicate nature, contributes to its rarity and value. As awareness of this remarkable gem grows, ammolite is poised to become an increasingly sought-after treasure for collectors and jewelry enthusiasts alike.