August boasts a remarkable selection of birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – offering a diverse range of colors and histories for those born in this summer month. While some months are associated with a single gemstone, August uniquely presents three options, each with its own distinct origins, lore, and gemological characteristics. This article will delve into the history, geological sources, properties, and symbolism of these three August birthstones, drawing upon available historical and gemological information.
History and Lore
The historical association of gemstones with specific months dates back centuries, with roots in religious texts and astrological beliefs. Sardonyx holds the longest documented history as an August birthstone, appearing in the Bible as one of the stones in the High Priest’s breastplate and as a foundational stone of Jerusalem. Its use extends back over 4,000 years, signifying its enduring importance in ancient cultures.
Peridot’s history is intertwined with that of topaz, with ancient sources often conflating the two. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, now known as Zabargad, was believed to be a source of topaz but actually yielded peridot. This led to the gem being referred to as “topaz” for a considerable period, including by scholars like Pliny the Elder, and even led Cleopatra to adorn herself with what were believed to be emeralds, but were in fact peridot.
Spinel is the newest addition to the August birthstone family, officially recognized in 2016 by the Jewelers of America and the American Gem Trade Association. However, its history is rich with mistaken identity. For centuries, red spinel was often misidentified as ruby, particularly in historical collections. The British State Crown, for example, features a large red stone previously thought to be a ruby, but later identified as spinel. Similarly, many “rubies” in Indian collections are now believed to be spinel.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, formed under extreme conditions deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic eruptions, and can even be found in meteorites. Significant sources of peridot include China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and Arizona in the United States. The gem’s vibrant green color is attributed to the presence of iron traces within its composition.
Sardonyx is a variety of chalcedony, a form of silica. Its formation occurs in sedimentary environments, often as layers within agate. While specific historical sources are not detailed in the provided materials, its long history suggests widespread availability in ancient times.
Spinel forms in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. Historically, it was often found alongside rubies, contributing to the confusion between the two gems. Spinel occurs in a range of colors, but red spinel is particularly prized. The sources for spinel are not explicitly detailed in the provided materials beyond its historical co-occurrence with ruby deposits.
Gemological Properties
The provided sources offer limited detailed gemological data. However, some properties can be gleaned:
Peridot is known for its yellowish-green to greenish-yellow hue. It is a rare, precious jewel formed at high temperatures. Its color is directly related to the intensity of iron present within the stone, with darker, more intense greens being more valuable. It is also referred to as the “Evening Emerald” due to its color.
Sardonyx is a banded variety of chalcedony, exhibiting layers of red-brown and white. Its properties beyond this banding are not detailed in the provided sources.
Spinel is noted for its range of colors, including red, blue, and other hues. It possesses a cubic crystal structure, often displaying twinning crystals, which distinguishes it from ruby. Unlike ruby, which is dichroic (exhibiting different colors when viewed from different angles), spinel typically displays a consistent color throughout the stone.
A table summarizing the limited available properties:
| Gemstone | Color | Composition | Key Feature |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow | Olivine | Formed in Earth’s mantle, often found in meteorites |
| Sardonyx | Banded red-brown and white | Chalcedony | Layered structure |
| Spinel | Range of colors (red, blue, etc.) | Not specified | Cubic crystal structure, often displays twinning |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the August birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. Peridot is associated with responsibility, forgiveness, and manifesting dreams. Ancient Egyptians considered it a “gem of the Sun” with healing powers, and it was regarded as a protective talisman against negative energies. It is also traditionally gifted to celebrate the 16th wedding anniversary.
Sardonyx is a strong protective stone radiating positive energy, enhancing confidence, optimism, and joy. Its historical use in religious artifacts suggests a connection to spiritual strength and protection.
Spinel is often called a “stone of immortality.” Red spinel, historically mistaken for ruby, inherited some of ruby’s symbolism of passion, vitality, and protection. It is also believed to connect one to guardians, build self-respect, willpower, and creativity.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care and cleaning instructions for these gemstones. However, general guidelines based on their known properties can be inferred. Peridot, being a relatively softer stone, requires careful handling to avoid scratches. Sardonyx, as a form of chalcedony, is relatively durable but should still be protected from harsh impacts. Spinel, with its cubic structure, is generally durable but should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a fascinating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of sardonyx to the recent recognition of spinel and the long-misunderstood identity of peridot, each gem offers a unique connection to the past and a source of beauty and meaning for those born in August. The diverse range of colors and properties ensures that there is an August birthstone to suit every taste and preference, making this month particularly rich in gemological significance.