November is unique among the months, possessing not one, but two recognized birthstones: topaz and citrine. While yellow topaz has traditionally held the position as the primary November birthstone, citrine gained official recognition in 1952 and has steadily increased in popularity, particularly due to its vibrant color and affordability. Both gemstones boast rich histories, captivating lore, and distinct gemological properties, making them cherished choices for jewelry and collectors alike. This article will delve into the fascinating world of these November birthstones, exploring their origins, characteristics, symbolism, and care.
History and Lore
The history of both topaz and citrine is interwoven with tales of mistaken identity. For centuries, the two were often confused due to their similar yellow hues. Ancient Greeks believed that topaz possessed the power to attract gold, while Romans valued both stones for their perceived ability to soothe tempers and calm the wearer. Topaz’s name is thought to originate from the Sanskrit word “tapas” meaning “fire,” or from the Greek “topazios,” referring to an island in the Red Sea.
Citrine, whose name derives from the French word for “lemon” (citron), also has a long and storied past. It was particularly popular in Scottish jewelry during the Victorian era, often used in colorful and intricate designs. The ancient Romans used citrine in jewelry, and it was sometimes carved into ornaments resembling permafrost by the Greeks. Interestingly, much of the citrine available today isn’t naturally occurring; a significant portion is created by heat-treating amethyst, a widely accepted practice within the gem industry.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz is found in a variety of geological settings, including igneous and metamorphic rocks, and in alluvial deposits. Major sources include Namibia, Nigeria, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the United States, and historically, Russia. The gem forms in volcanic rocks and granite pegmatites, often alongside quartz and fluorite.
Citrine, the yellow variety of quartz, is sourced from Bolivia, Spain, Madagascar, Mexico, and Uruguay. A significant amount of citrine on the market originates from Brazil, where amethyst is commonly heat-treated to achieve the desired yellow or brownish-orange color. The Anahí mine in Bolivia, discovered in the 1600s and rediscovered in the 1960s, is a notable source of natural, unheated citrine, steeped in a captivating history involving Spanish conquistadors and a princess from the Ayoreos tribe.
Gemological Properties
Both topaz and citrine belong to different mineral groups, resulting in distinct gemological properties.
Topaz:
- Chemical Formula: Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 8
- Toughness: Poor – susceptible to chipping and cracking.
- Color: Colorless when pure, but commonly found in yellow, brown, blue, pink, red, and violet hues. Blue topaz is often created through irradiation or heat treatment. Imperial topaz, a reddish-orange variety, is particularly rare and valuable.
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
- Refractive Index: 1.606 – 1.627
- Specific Gravity: 3.49 – 3.57
Citrine:
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 7
- Toughness: Good
- Color: Yellow to brownish-orange. The color is derived from the presence of small amounts of iron.
- Crystal System: Trigonal
- Refractive Index: 1.544 – 1.553
- Specific Gravity: 2.65
Topaz, with a hardness of 8, is relatively durable but possesses poor toughness, making it prone to chipping. Citrine, at a 7 on the Mohs scale, is also durable and scratch-resistant, making it a suitable choice for rings and everyday wear. Topaz’s color is influenced by impurities and defects in its crystal structure, while citrine’s color stems from the presence of iron.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both topaz and citrine have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Topaz is often associated with strength, honor, wisdom, and a sense of calm and balance. Blue topaz, in particular, is believed to have a relaxing effect. Some believed topaz could attract gold due to its yellow color.
Citrine is linked to manifestation, releasing fears, and promoting abundance. It is also associated with the heart chakra, fostering love and forgiveness. Historically, both stones were thought to have similar powers due to frequent misidentification, with the belief that they could soothe tempers and calm the wearer.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of both topaz and citrine jewelry. Topaz, due to its poor toughness, requires careful handling to avoid chipping or cracking. Steam cleaning and ultrasonic cleaners should be avoided. Warm, soapy water is the recommended cleaning method. Prolonged exposure to heat or sunlight may cause fading in some yellow-to-brown topaz gems. Abrasive cleaners should not be used on Mystic Topaz, as they can remove the coating that creates its iridescent effect.
Citrine is relatively easy to care for due to its good toughness. Warm, soapy water is sufficient for cleaning. Its durability makes it a practical choice for everyday wear.
Varieties and Treatments
Topaz exhibits a wide range of varieties, including Imperial Topaz (reddish-orange), Mystic Topaz (created with a metallic rainbow effect through chemical vapor deposition), and Blue Topaz (often achieved through irradiation or heat treatment).
As previously mentioned, much of the citrine available today is heat-treated amethyst. This practice is widely accepted within the gem industry and does not diminish the stone’s value, as the resulting color is stable and attractive. Natural, unheated citrine, sourced from locations like the Anahí mine in Bolivia, is rarer and often commands a higher price.
Topaz and Citrine in Jewelry
Both topaz and citrine are versatile gemstones suitable for a wide range of jewelry designs. Topaz is often cut into elongated shapes to maximize its brilliance. Citrine is popular in bracelets, rings, earrings, and necklaces. The choice between the two often comes down to personal preference and desired symbolism. Topaz offers a wider range of colors and a more classic aesthetic, while citrine provides a warm, earthy tone and a connection to the autumn season.
Conclusion
Topaz and citrine, the captivating birthstones of November, offer a rich tapestry of history, lore, and gemological intrigue. From ancient beliefs in their power to soothe tempers and attract gold, to their modern-day symbolism of strength, abundance, and calm, these gemstones continue to enchant and inspire. Whether chosen for their birthstone significance, aesthetic appeal, or metaphysical properties, topaz and citrine are truly remarkable gems that deserve appreciation and admiration.