August boasts a unique distinction among the calendar months – it is represented by not one, but three birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While peridot and sardonyx have long been associated with August, spinel was recently added as a modern alternative, offering those born in this month a diverse palette of color and symbolism. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and significance of each of these captivating gemstones, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
For centuries, the primary birthstone of August was sardonyx, with a history stretching back over 4,000 years. However, the historical record reveals a degree of confusion regarding certain green gemstones. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea was once believed to be a source of topaz, but in reality, yielded peridot. This led to the misidentification of peridot as topaz throughout history. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have largely consisted of peridot, highlighting the gem’s historical allure and frequent misattribution.
Peridot itself has been treasured for its unique ability to sparkle under both natural and artificial light, earning it the nickname “evening emerald.” It has been found in both fallen meteorites and volcanic lava, contributing to its mystique and perceived power. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems once thought to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot.
Spinel, while historically mistaken for ruby due to its similar coloration, has only recently gained recognition as a distinct and valuable gemstone. For centuries, red spinel was often included with rubies, and its individual qualities were not fully appreciated until more recent times. The Gemological Institute of America (AGTA) officially named spinel as a new birthstone for August, acknowledging its brilliance and sparkle, and elevating its status among gem enthusiasts and collectors.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these three August birthstones are as diverse as their appearances. Peridot is uniquely formed under extreme conditions, originating in the Earth’s mantle and brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It can also be found within meteorites, offering a rare extraterrestrial source. Peridot deposits are found in various locations around the world, including Egypt, China, Hawaii, and Tanzania.
Sardonyx, a variety of onyx, is characterized by its reddish-brown color and white banding. Its primary source is India, but it can also be found in Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany.
Spinel’s origins are less specifically detailed in the available sources, but it is noted as a favorite among gem dealers and collectors.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a semi-precious stone with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, composed primarily of olivine, magnesium, and iron. The amount of iron present dictates the stone’s color, ranging from yellowish-green to brown-green, with lime green and olive green being the most sought-after shades.
Sardonyx, being a form of onyx, presents a different appearance – a reddish-brown stone with distinctive white banding. It has a more stone-like appearance compared to the crystal-like quality of peridot.
Spinel is noted for its brilliance and sparkle and comes in a variety of colors, including red, pink, blue, white, and black. It is harder than peridot, registering an 8 on the Mohs hardness scale, while peridot scores lower.
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties as presented in the sources:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color Range | Hardness (Mohs) | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 | Yellowish-green to brown-green | Not specified | Volcanic lava, meteorites |
| Sardonyx | N/A (Onyx variety) | Reddish-brown with white banding | Not specified | India, Brazil, Uruguay, USA, Germany |
| Spinel | N/A | Red, pink, blue, white, black | 8 | Not specified |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
While the sources do not extensively detail the metaphysical beliefs associated with these stones, they do touch upon their symbolic meanings. Peridot is associated with strength and balance, and owning a peridot is described as owning a small piece of the universe due to its origins in meteorites and volcanic activity.
The sources do not provide specific symbolic meanings for sardonyx or spinel beyond their historical use and recent recognition.
Care and Cleaning
The sources offer limited information regarding the care and cleaning of these gemstones. However, given peridot’s lower hardness compared to spinel, it is reasonable to assume it requires more careful handling to avoid scratches. General gemstone care practices, such as cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth, would be appropriate for all three stones.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a fascinating blend of history, geological wonder, and aesthetic beauty. From the ancient origins of sardonyx to the extraterrestrial connections of peridot and the recently recognized brilliance of spinel, these gemstones offer a diverse range of choices for those born in the eighth month. Their unique properties and captivating colors continue to make them treasured additions to jewelry collections and symbols of personal significance.