For millennia, turquoise has captivated cultures with its serene blue-green hues and perceived protective powers. As a traditional birthstone for December, alongside more recently recognized gems like blue topaz and tanzanite, turquoise holds a unique position in gemological history. This article delves into the origins, properties, historical significance, and enduring appeal of this ancient gemstone.
History and Lore
Turquoise boasts a history stretching back nearly 7,000 years, making it arguably the world’s oldest known gem material. Archaeological evidence reveals its use as early as 5500 BCE in ancient Egypt, where it was mined in the Sinai region. The ancient Egyptians, who referred to turquoise as “mefkat” meaning “joy” and “delight,” held the stone in high regard, associating it with health, good fortune, and fertility. It was fashioned into amulets, beads, and other small objects, and was particularly linked to the goddess Hathor, also known as the “lady of turquoise.”
The stone’s journey through history continued with ancient China, where it was carved over 3,000 years ago. Across cultures, turquoise was believed to offer protection, particularly against falls – a crucial belief for those reliant on horseback travel from the 13th century onward. A prevailing superstition held that the stone would fracture at the approach of disaster, serving as a warning to its wearer. Hindu mystics believed that viewing turquoise after beholding the new moon would guarantee wealth.
The name “turquoise” itself has a relatively recent origin, emerging in the 13th century from the French phrase “pierre tourques,” meaning “Turkish stone.” This name reflects the fact that the gemstone often entered Europe through Turkish trade routes. In 1912, the American National Association of Jewelers officially recognized turquoise as a December birthstone, solidifying its place in modern birthstone traditions. It is also associated with the zodiac sign of Sagittarius and is traditionally given to celebrate the 11th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem, its color stemming from the presence of copper, aluminum, zinc, and iron. The specific combination of these elements dictates the shade, ranging from vibrant blues to greenish hues. Iron contributes to a greenish tint, while zinc results in a more yellowish tone. The most prized color, often sought after by collectors, is a vivid “Robin’s Egg Blue,” also known as Sky Blue or Persian Blue.
The gemstone typically forms in arid regions through a process of weathering and hydrothermal activity. It is found relatively close to the Earth’s surface, often as veins or nodules within host rocks. A characteristic feature of many turquoise specimens is the presence of matrix – remnants of the surrounding rock in which it formed – which often appears as dark veins running through the stone.
Historically and presently, turquoise is sourced from various locations around the globe. Significant deposits are found in Iran, China, Mexico, the Middle East, Kazakhstan, and the United States of America. Ancient Egyptians mined turquoise in the Sinai Peninsula as early as 5500 BCE. Today, the United States remains a prominent source, alongside Iran and China.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, with a chemical formula that reflects this composition. Its Mohs hardness ranges from 5 to 6, making it relatively soft compared to other gemstones. This lower hardness means turquoise is susceptible to scratching and abrasion, requiring careful handling and protection. The stone exhibits a glass-like luster.
The color of turquoise can be affected by exposure to body oils, cosmetics, and even changes in humidity. Over time, this can lead to alterations in its appearance. Treatments such as waxing, dyeing, and stabilization are commonly employed to enhance color and durability. Waxing helps to seal the surface and improve polish, while dyeing can deepen the color. Stabilization involves introducing a polymer resin to strengthen the stone and prevent cracking.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Hydrated Phosphate of Copper and Aluminum |
| Mohs Hardness | 5 - 6 |
| Luster | Glass-like |
| Transparency | Semi-translucent to Opaque |
| Color | Blue to Green |
| Treatments | Waxing, Dyeing, Stabilization |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, turquoise has been imbued with a wealth of symbolic meaning. Beyond its association with good fortune and protection, the stone has been linked to concepts of wisdom, nobility, and immortality. Ancient cultures believed it possessed the power to heal ailments and ward off negative energies.
The belief in turquoise’s protective qualities extended to warriors, who wore it as a talisman to enhance accuracy and courage in battle. Its association with the sky and water also led to its connection with spiritual realms and the ability to facilitate communication with higher powers. Even today, some believe that turquoise promotes self-expression, creativity, and emotional balance.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively low hardness, turquoise requires gentle care to maintain its beauty. Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Cleaning should be done with a soft cloth and lukewarm water. Avoid abrasive materials that could scratch the surface. It is advisable to remove turquoise jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to potential impacts. Storing turquoise pieces separately from harder gemstones will help prevent scratching. Given its porous nature, turquoise can absorb oils and dirt, so regular gentle cleaning is recommended.
Conclusion
Turquoise stands as a testament to the enduring allure of ancient gemstones. Its rich history, spanning millennia and numerous cultures, coupled with its unique geological properties and symbolic significance, solidify its position as a cherished December birthstone. While modern options like blue topaz and tanzanite offer alternative choices, turquoise remains a timeless classic, representing a connection to the past and a symbol of protection, healing, and good fortune.