December boasts a remarkable array of birthstones – zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise – each possessing a unique history, aesthetic appeal, and symbolic significance. While modern lists often highlight blue zircon, blue topaz, and tanzanite, the traditional roots of December’s gems lie in the captivating blues and blue-greens of turquoise and lapis lazuli. This diversity offers December-born individuals a wide spectrum of choices, reflecting varied tastes and personal connections to these historically cherished gemstones.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month dates back to ancient times, evolving through biblical references and medieval practices. The practice isn’t a recent fashion trend, but rather a custom deeply rooted in history. These colored gems were believed to bestow blessings upon those who wore them, adorning rings, pendants, and other jewelry.
Turquoise, arguably the oldest gem material known to humankind, holds a particularly rich history. Archaeological evidence suggests its use as early as 7000 BCE, with discoveries in burial sites in western Iran. Ancient China carved turquoise over 3000 years ago, while the Ancient Egyptians revered it as a holy stone, associating it with good luck, fertility, and the goddess Hathor. Egyptians fashioned turquoise into amulets and beads, believing it enhanced a warrior’s accuracy.
Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue hue and golden pyrite inclusions, has also been prized for millennia. Historically associated with royalty and spirituality, it was used in art, jewelry, and spiritual practices, contributing to its esteemed status.
Zircon, one of the oldest minerals on Earth, carries significant geological and historical value. While often confused with cubic zirconia, natural zircon possesses a brilliant fire and a rainbow of colors. Topaz, too, has a long history of use in jewelry and is known for its serene blue shades. Tanzanite is a more recent discovery, gaining prominence in the modern era for its unique blue to violet color.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones are as diverse as the stones themselves. Turquoise forms in relatively dry, arid environments, often in the vicinity of copper deposits. It is a secondary mineral, meaning it forms as a result of alteration of other minerals.
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock, formed through the alteration of limestone by contact with igneous rocks. Its primary source is Afghanistan, though it is also found in other locations.
Zircon is found in a variety of igneous and metamorphic rocks, often as a byproduct of mining for other minerals. Blue zircon’s color is often achieved through heat treatment. Topaz forms in igneous rocks, particularly granites and rhyolites, and is found in various locations worldwide. Tanzanite, uniquely, is found in only one area: near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. This limited source contributes to its rarity and value.
Gemological Properties
December’s birthstones exhibit a wide range of gemological properties.
Turquoise: This opaque gemstone is a hydrated copper aluminum phosphate. Its color ranges from sky blue to greenish-blue, depending on the presence of iron and copper.
Lapis Lazuli: Composed primarily of lazurite, along with calcite, pyrite, and other minerals, lapis lazuli is known for its intense blue color and the presence of golden pyrite flecks. It is an opaque gemstone.
Blue Zircon: Zircon is a zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4). Its hardness is 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale. The blue color is often achieved through heat treatment of brownish zircon. It is valued for its brilliance and fire.
Blue Topaz: Topaz is an aluminum silicate fluoride hydroxide (Al2SiO4(OH,F)2). It has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable. Blue topaz is often created by irradiating colorless topaz, which alters its color.
Tanzanite: A calcium aluminum silicate (Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH), Tanzanite exhibits strong trichroism, meaning it displays three different colors (blue, violet, and burgundy) depending on the viewing angle. Its hardness is 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Hydrated Copper Aluminum Phosphate | 5-6 | Sky Blue to Greenish-Blue | Opaque |
| Lapis Lazuli | Lazurite, Calcite, Pyrite | 5-6 | Deep Blue with Pyrite Flecks | Opaque |
| Blue Zircon | Zirconium Silicate (ZrSiO4) | 6.5-7.5 | Blue | Transparent |
| Blue Topaz | Aluminum Silicate Fluoride Hydroxide | 8 | Blue | Transparent |
| Tanzanite | Calcium Aluminum Silicate | 6.5-7 | Blue, Violet, Burgundy | Transparent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been attributed with specific meanings and powers. Turquoise has long been considered a talisman for protection and a symbol of good fortune. It is believed to instill inner calm and foster creativity.
Lapis lazuli, associated with wisdom and royalty, was believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge.
Blue zircon is often associated with prosperity and wisdom. Blue topaz symbolizes tranquility and communication. Tanzanite is believed to promote intuition and spiritual awareness.
December’s birthstones are more than just beautiful; they reflect the wearer’s personality and bring a variety of cultural significances.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of December’s birthstones. Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, requiring gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Lapis lazuli should also be cleaned gently with a soft cloth and mild soap.
Zircon, topaz, and tanzanite are more durable but should still be protected from scratches and harsh impacts. Cleaning can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners for tanzanite, as they may damage the stone. Regular cleaning will help preserve the vibrancy and brilliance of these gemstones.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise – offer a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and aesthetic beauty. From the ancient origins of turquoise and lapis lazuli to the modern appeal of blue zircon and tanzanite, these gemstones provide a diverse selection for those born in the twelfth month. Each stone carries its own unique story and significance, making them not only stylish adornments but also meaningful connections to the past and to personal beliefs. When choosing between these gemstones, December’s stones stand out with their vibrant colors and deep cultural roots, providing a distinct way to express individuality.