December boasts a remarkable selection of birthstones – blue topaz, blue zircon, tanzanite, and turquoise – offering a spectrum of shades and histories for those born in the final month of the year. While blue topaz is a popular modern choice, the historical and cultural significance of turquoise and zircon, alongside the more recent discovery of tanzanite, provide a rich tapestry of gemological interest. This article will delve into the origins, properties, and lore surrounding these captivating blue gemstones.
A Quartet of Blue Hues
Those celebrating birthdays in December are uniquely privileged with a choice of four beautiful blue gemstones. Each December birthstone possesses distinct characteristics, a unique history, and symbolic meaning. The selection ranges from ancient gems like zircon and turquoise to the relatively recent discovery of tanzanite, offering a diverse range of options for jewelry and personal significance.
Long History of Zircon
Zircon, one of the oldest minerals on Earth, holds a prominent place in the history of December birthstones. Its name originates from the Arabic words zar (gold) and gun (color), reflecting the gem’s early association with golden hues, though it is now most popularly found in shades of blue. Zircon is sourced from various locations including Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Nigeria, and Australia.
Historically, zircon was believed to possess protective qualities, capable of relieving pain, increasing appetite, and safeguarding travelers from injury and disease. Folklore also suggests it could ensure a warm welcome for visitors and promote peaceful sleep, free from nightmares. While now commonly seen in vibrant blues, zircon naturally occurs in a wide array of colors.
Turquoise: A Gem of Protection and Good Fortune
Turquoise, a semi-translucent to opaque gem ranging in color from blue to green, is another traditional December birthstone with a history stretching back millennia. Ancient Egyptians, pharaohs, and rulers adorned themselves with turquoise, while Chinese artisans carved it over 3,000 years ago.
Throughout history, turquoise was thought to bestow health and good fortune upon its wearer. From the 13th century onward, it was believed to prevent falls – particularly from horses – and would even fracture to warn of impending disaster. Hindu mystics believed that viewing turquoise after a new moon would guarantee wealth. Today, significant turquoise production occurs in China, specifically in Hubei Province, though the United States, particularly Arizona and Nevada, historically held a prominent position, with mines like Kingman and Sleeping Beauty being notable sources.
Tanzanite: A Twentieth-Century Discovery
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania in 1962, with the primary source located in 1967. Named in honor of its country of origin, tanzanite quickly gained recognition for its vivid colors, ranging from rich blue to violet, with the purest blue shades being the most valuable.
Tiffany & Co. played a pivotal role in popularizing tanzanite, launching a major advertising campaign in 1968 that showcased its beauty and potential. Described as “velvety” due to its deep saturation, tanzanite is now celebrated not only as a December birthstone but also as the gem for the 24th wedding anniversary. The Merelani Hills remain the only commercial source of tanzanite, mined from depths exceeding 100 meters.
Blue Topaz: A Modern Favorite
Blue topaz is a popular modern choice for December’s birthstone. It is a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine, possessing a glass-like luster and distinct cleavage. While naturally occurring blue topaz exists, most commercially available blue topaz is created through irradiation of colorless topaz. This treatment results in a range of blue shades, including:
- London Blue Topaz: A deep, inky blue, highly prized by collectors.
- Swiss Blue Topaz: A vibrant, medium-light blue.
- Sky Blue Topaz: A light aqua color.
Blue topaz has a chemical formula of Al2SiO4(F,OH)4 and exhibits strong chemical bonding, making it relatively hard among silicate minerals.
Gemological Properties and Care
Each of these December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties that influence their durability and care requirements. Turquoise, with a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, is relatively soft and can be damaged by acids, chemicals, cosmetics, and even skin oils. It is best cleaned with warm, soapy water and should never be subjected to steam or ultrasonic cleaners. Some turquoise is treated to enhance its durability and appearance, often through dyeing or resin stabilization.
Tanzanite, while visually striking, requires careful handling due to its sensitivity to heat. It is also susceptible to damage from ultrasonic cleaners. Blue topaz, being harder, is more durable but can still be susceptible to surface scratches.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Blue topaz is associated with love and affection, believed to promote a positive disposition and sweetness. Turquoise has long been considered a protective stone, safeguarding against harm and bringing good fortune. Zircon, as previously mentioned, was thought to offer protection from pain, injury, and bad dreams. While tanzanite’s metaphysical properties are less established due to its recent discovery, it is often associated with transformation and spiritual growth.
Market Availability and Value
The market availability and value of these December birthstones vary considerably. Blue topaz is generally the most affordable and readily available, owing to the widespread practice of irradiation. Turquoise prices depend on the quality of the stone, the intensity of its color, and the presence of matrix. Tanzanite, being a rarer gem sourced from a single location, tends to be more valuable, particularly for stones with deep, saturated blue hues. Zircon, while historically significant, is generally less expensive than tanzanite but can vary in price depending on color and clarity.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – blue topaz, blue zircon, tanzanite, and turquoise – represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From the ancient lore surrounding turquoise and zircon to the modern appeal of blue topaz and the recent discovery of tanzanite, these gemstones offer a diverse range of options for those seeking a meaningful connection to their birth month. Each gem possesses unique properties and a rich cultural heritage, making them treasured additions to any jewelry collection.