Peridot, the August birthstone, is a gemstone with a rich and fascinating history. Known for its vibrant green hues, peridot has captivated people for centuries with its beauty and significance. This article delves into the geological formation, historical uses, and symbolic meanings of peridot, providing a comprehensive overview of this remarkable gemstone.
Introduction
Peridot, the yellowish green to greenish yellow gem variety of the mineral olivine, has been a cherished gemstone for millennia. Its designation as the August birthstone was established in 1912, though its historical significance dates back much further. Peridot is notable for its formation under extreme conditions, including in hardened lava flows and even in meteorites. The gemstone has been found in various locations worldwide, from the volcanic landscapes of Arizona to the ancient Egyptian island of Zabargad. In addition to its geological and historical importance, peridot is associated with numerous symbolic meanings, including strength, happiness, and protection. This article explores the multifaceted nature of peridot, examining its properties, origins, and cultural significance.
History and Lore
Ancient Peridot Uses
Peridot has a long and storied history, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient times. Historians believe that Cleopatra's famous emerald collection may have actually consisted of peridot, given the gemstone's similar green hue. The gemstone was also revered in medieval times, adorning shrines and religious artifacts. For instance, the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral is decorated with 200 carats of what were believed to be emeralds but are, in fact, peridot.
Peridot has also been used as a protective talisman, shielding the owner from evil spirits and "terrors of the night." In medieval Europe, it appeared in the chalices and churches of the period, signifying its spiritual and cultural importance. The gemstone's name is derived from the Arabic word "faridat," meaning gem, further underscoring its historical value.
The August Birthstone Designation
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months began in the first century, but peridot did not become the designated birthstone for August until 1912. This change was partly due to peridot's connection to lava flows and its formation under high heat, making it a fitting symbol for August, a month often characterized by its warmth. Other August birthstones include spinel and sardonyx, with spinel being added as a secondary birthstone in 2016. However, peridot remains the most popular and well-known August birthstone.
Cultural Significance
Peridot has been valued in various ancient and medieval cultures. It has appeared in priests' jewelry as early as the second century BCE and was also used in the chalices and churches of medieval Europe. The gemstone is associated with numerous symbolic meanings, including strength, happiness, and good fortune. In some cultures, peridot is believed to promote harmony in interpersonal relationships and to attract wealth. Additionally, its connection to light is thought to inspire clear thinking and instill a sense of peace and calm.
Geological Formation and Sources
Formation and Sources
Peridot is formed under extreme conditions, often in hardened lava flows and meteorites. This unique formation process contributes to its durability and distinct properties. The gemstone is found in various locations around the world, including China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States. Arizona is particularly significant as a source of peridot in the United States, where volcanic eruptions thousands of years ago created the conditions necessary for peridot formation.
The Egyptian island of Zabargad, previously known as Topazios, is one of the oldest recorded sources of peridot. Mining on this island began around 340–279 BCE, and the gemstone produced there is still highly prized today. The island's harsh conditions earned it ominous names like "Island of Death" and "Ophiodes" ("snake island"). Despite these names, the peridot from Zabargad is considered some of the finest in the world and can be found in prestigious museums.
In addition to terrestrial sources, peridot has also arrived on Earth via meteorites. Specifically, pallasite meteorites, which are composed of nickel-iron and olivine, have brought gem-quality peridot from outer space. While many meteorites contain olivine, only a few have produced gem-quality peridot suitable for jewelry.
Modern Mining and Distribution
Today, peridot is primarily sourced from regions with volcanic activity. Arizona remains a significant source in the United States, with the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation being a key location. In Myanmar, the mountainous region near Mogok is another important source, where peridot crystals can be found in crevices. The finest-quality peridot from this area is known for its deep color and transparency.
Peridot is also found in China, Pakistan, and Tanzania, where it is mined and distributed globally. These sources contribute to the gemstone's availability in the jewelry market, making it a popular choice for those seeking a vibrant and meaningful birthstone.
Gemological Properties
Chemical Composition and Physical Characteristics
Peridot is the yellowish green to greenish yellow gem variety of the mineral olivine. Its chemical composition is primarily magnesium iron silicate, with the formula (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄. The gemstone's color is due to the presence of iron, which imparts its characteristic green hue. Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but still softer than many other gemstones.
The refractive index of peridot ranges from 1.65 to 1.69, and it exhibits a vitreous luster. Peridot is typically transparent to translucent, with a glassy appearance. Its specific gravity is between 3.25 and 4.35, making it a relatively heavy gemstone for its size. Peridot can occur in various colors, from light celery green to a deep olive green, with the most valuable specimens exhibiting a rich, saturated color.
Formation and Inclusions
Peridot is formed in the Earth's mantle and brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It is also found in meteorites, particularly pallasite meteorites, which are composed of nickel-iron and olivine. The gemstone can contain inclusions, which are natural features formed during its growth. These inclusions can include other minerals and are often considered characteristic of peridot's natural formation process.
Comparison with Similar Gemstones
Peridot is often confused with other gemstones, such as topaz and emerald, due to its green color. However, peridot has a distinct chemical composition and physical properties that differentiate it from these gems. For example, topaz has a higher hardness on the Mohs scale, while emerald is a type of beryl with a different chemical composition and refractive index. The unique characteristics of peridot make it a distinctive and valuable gemstone in its own right.
Color Variations and Grading
The color of peridot ranges from light green to deep olive green, with the most valuable specimens exhibiting a rich, saturated color. The presence of iron in the gemstone's composition contributes to its color variation. When grading peridot, factors such as color intensity, clarity, and cut are considered. The finest peridot specimens are those with a deep green color and excellent clarity, as these features enhance the gemstone's beauty and value.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively low hardness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. It is not recommended for daily wear in a ring, as it can be damaged by hard impacts. Peridot can also be affected by acids and acidic perspiration, making it important to avoid exposure to these substances. Cleaning peridot should be done with a soft-bristle brush and mild dish soap in warm water. Steam and ultrasonic cleaners are not recommended, as peridot is vulnerable to thermal shock. Proper storage is also essential to prevent scratching by harder gemstones.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Historical Symbolism
Peridot has been associated with various symbolic meanings throughout history. In ancient times, it was believed to have protective properties, shielding the owner from evil spirits and "terrors of the night." The gemstone was also used in religious artifacts, signifying its spiritual importance. In medieval Europe, peridot was incorporated into chalices and churches, further emphasizing its cultural significance.
Modern Symbolism
In modern times, peridot is considered a symbol of strength, happiness, and good fortune. It is worn to attract wealth and promote harmony in interpersonal relationships. The gemstone's connection to light is thought to inspire clear thinking and instill a sense of peace and calm. Peridot is also associated with the sun, earning it the nickname "Gem of the Sun." This connection to the sun and its vibrant green color make peridot a fitting birthstone for August, a month often associated with warmth and vitality.
Metaphysical Properties
Peridot is believed to have several metaphysical properties, including its ability to promote emotional healing and reduce stress. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices to enhance focus and clarity. Some believe that peridot can help with overcoming fears and boosting self-confidence. Additionally, peridot is thought to support physical health by aiding in digestion and reducing inflammation.
Conclusion
Peridot, the August birthstone, is a gemstone with a rich history and numerous symbolic meanings. From its formation in volcanic lava flows to its use in ancient and medieval cultures, peridot has captivated people for centuries. Its geological properties, including its chemical composition and physical characteristics, make it a unique and valuable gemstone. Peridot's association with strength, happiness, and protection further enhances its significance as a birthstone. Whether used in jewelry or as a symbol of good fortune, peridot continues to be a cherished gemstone that holds a special place in the hearts of those born in August.