November is unique among the calendar months in possessing two officially recognized birthstones: topaz and citrine. While topaz holds the distinction as the traditional November birthstone, citrine was added later, offering those born in November a choice between these two beautiful and symbolically rich gemstones. Both stones are believed to impart calming energies and bring fortune and warmth to the wearer, and are generally affordably priced, making them accessible options for jewelry.
History and Lore
The history of topaz stretches back millennia. The ancient Greeks believed that topaz bestowed strength upon its wearer. From the 1300s to the 1600s, Europeans associated the gem with the ability to ward off magic spells and dispel anger. In India, a long-held belief suggests that wearing topaz above the heart ensures a long life, beauty, and intelligence. The very name “topaz” has debated origins, with some tracing it back to the Sanskrit word tapas, meaning “fire,” while others connect it to the Greek topazos.
Citrine’s history, while less extensively documented than topaz, is also rooted in ancient belief. It is known as the “Merchant’s Stone,” symbolizing prosperity and abundance, and is considered a gift of hope and strength.
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months developed centuries ago, stemming from a connection between the stars and human events. The belief was that wearing a particular stone when certain stars were prominent in the sky would increase one’s fortune. This practice evolved over time into the modern birthstone system.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminum and fluorine, typically found in pegmatites – igneous rocks formed near silica rock of volcanic origin. While yellow topaz is the most commonly encountered variety, the gem occurs in a wide spectrum of colors, including colorless, light blue, orange, pink, violet, brown, and, very rarely, red. Major sources of topaz are found in Brazil, but significant deposits also exist in Namibia, Russia, and Pakistan.
Citrine, a variety of quartz, boasts a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively resistant to scratches. Its color ranges from a pale yellow to a brownish-red, with the most sought-after stones exhibiting a clear, radiant yellowish to brownish-red hue.
Gemological Properties
Both topaz and citrine possess distinct gemological properties that contribute to their appeal and suitability for jewelry.
Topaz:
- Chemical Formula: Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 8
- Color: Colorless, yellow, light blue, orange, pink, violet, brown, red (rare)
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
- Refractive Index: 1.606 – 1.627
- Specific Gravity: 3.49 – 3.57
It is important to note that much of the blue topaz available today is created through irradiation and heating of colorless topaz, resulting in a permanent color change. The rainbow effect seen in “Mystic Topaz” is achieved by coating colorless topaz with a thin artificial film.
Citrine:
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 7
- Color: Yellow to brownish-orange
- Crystal System: Trigonal
- Refractive Index: 1.544 – 1.553
- Specific Gravity: 2.65
Citrine’s durability, with a Mohs hardness of 7, makes it a suitable choice for everyday wear in rings and other jewelry pieces.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Topaz is often associated with strength, honor, and a sense of calm and balance. Wearing topaz jewelry is believed to bring wisdom and renewed energy. Blue topaz, in particular, is favored for its relaxing color and dazzling sparkle.
Citrine, as the “Merchant’s Stone,” symbolizes prosperity, hope, and strength. It is thought to encourage open and accepting attitudes and boost self-esteem and emotional well-being.
Other November birthstones, linked to the zodiac signs of Scorpio and Sagittarius, carry their own symbolism. Turquoise, associated with Scorpio, has been considered a protective stone for centuries, even being placed on horse tack to safeguard riders. Aquamarine, also linked to Scorpio and Sagittarius, was historically used as a talisman against danger and is believed to possess anti-aging properties. Garnet, another November birthstone, represents intense emotions like love, passion, and anger, and has been valued for its connection to life force. Ruby, similarly, symbolizes these powerful emotions. Beryl, a gemstone category encompassing aquamarine and emerald, exhibits complex appearances and is treasured for its transparency and clarity. Amethyst is also associated with November and is considered a talismanic stone.
Care and Cleaning
Both topaz and citrine are relatively durable gemstones, but proper care is essential to maintain their beauty. Topaz, with a hardness of 8, is more susceptible to scratching than citrine (hardness 7), but both can be damaged by harsh chemicals or abrasive materials.
Cleaning can be performed with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, especially for topaz, as these can potentially damage the stone. It is also advisable to store topaz and citrine jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
Additional November Birthstones
Beyond topaz and citrine, several other gemstones have been historically associated with November, often linked to the zodiac signs of Scorpio and Sagittarius. These include turquoise, amethyst, sapphire, ruby, beryl, and aquamarine. Turquoise has long been considered a protective stone, while aquamarine is believed to calm and soothe the wearer. Ruby symbolizes intense emotions, and amethyst is a traditional talismanic stone.
Conclusion
November’s birthstones, topaz and citrine, offer a diverse range of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. Whether one seeks the strength and calm associated with topaz or the prosperity and hope embodied by citrine, these gemstones provide beautiful and meaningful options for those born in the eleventh month of the year. The availability of both stones at generally affordable prices further enhances their appeal, making them accessible choices for jewelry enthusiasts and gift-givers alike. The rich lore and geological origins of these gems add to their enduring fascination, connecting wearers to centuries of tradition and natural beauty.