August is a month rich in historical and symbolic significance, named after the Roman Emperor Augustus and long associated with strength, dignity, and legacy. For those born in this month, the tradition of birthstones offers a unique connection to the past, present, and future. Unlike many months with a single representative gemstone, August boasts three: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each of these gemstones has a distinct history, geological profile, and cultural meaning that has evolved over millennia. This article delves into the origins, characteristics, and significance of these three August birthstones, exploring their roles in ancient civilizations, their modern-day appeal, and how to care for them as treasured possessions.
History and Lore
Sardonyx: The Ancient August Birthstone
Sardonyx is the oldest of the three August birthstones, with a history stretching back more than 4,000 years. Composed of two types of chalcedony—sard (a reddish-brown form of quartz) and onyx (a black or white banded form of quartz)—sardonyx is distinguished by its striking contrast of colors. Ancient civilizations, including the Romans, Egyptians, and Greeks, valued sardonyx not only for its aesthetic appeal but also for its perceived protective and spiritual powers.
The ancient Romans, in particular, used sardonyx extensively for seals and rings, believing that the stone brought good fortune and protection during times of conflict. Roman soldiers wore sardonyx as a talisman to ward off danger and ensure victory in battle. In the Old Testament, sardonyx is mentioned as one of the stones used in the breastplate of the High Priest, highlighting its spiritual and ceremonial significance.
Beyond the Mediterranean world, sardonyx was also highly regarded in ancient Egypt and Greece, where it was commonly worn in rings, bracelets, earrings, and lockets. Today, the gemstone continues to carry symbolic meaning, representing spirituality, open communication, and the ability to foster strong, healthy relationships.
Peridot: The Cosmic Green Gem
Peridot, the second August birthstone, has a long and fascinating history that dates back to ancient times. Known for its vibrant green color, peridot is a gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, a magnesium-iron silicate. Its coloration is due to the presence of iron, with the finest stones displaying a vivid green hue without any brown or yellow undertones.
One of the earliest known sources of peridot is the Red Sea island of Zabargad, where the gem has been mined since at least 1500 BCE. Zabargad, meaning "olivine" in Arabic, is a harsh, arid island with no vegetation and no fresh water, making the extraction of peridot a particularly challenging endeavor. The island’s beaches even display a greenish hue due to the presence of tiny peridot crystals.
In ancient Egypt, peridot was known as the "gem of the Sun," and it was believed that the stone possessed healing powers and could glow in the dark. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have actually consisted of peridot, as the two gems were often confused in antiquity. The gem also played a role in medieval Europe, where it was believed to promote fertility and aid in childbirth. Additionally, some cultures believed that peridot could increase milk production in cows and accelerate wound healing.
Spinel: The Modern Addition
Spinel, the most recent addition to the August birthstone lineup, was officially recognized as a birthstone in 2016. Despite its recent inclusion, spinel has a long and often misunderstood history. For centuries, it was mistaken for ruby and other red gemstones due to its similar color and brilliance. It was only through advancements in gemology and the development of more accurate identification techniques that spinel was recognized as a distinct and valuable gemstone in its own right.
Spinel is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum silicate and comes in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, orange, yellow, green, and even black. Its versatility and vibrant colors have made it increasingly popular among modern jewelers and consumers seeking alternatives to more traditional gemstones.
Spinel’s journey from being an overlooked stone to a celebrated birthstone reflects the evolving tastes and knowledge of gemstone enthusiasts. It has found particular favor among those looking for a unique and meaningful gemstone that stands out without the high price tag of rubies or other classic red gems.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot
Peridot is formed under extreme geological conditions deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, often found in the hardened lava that carries it from the Earth’s depths. Peridot can also be found in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones with a cosmic origin. This unique formation process gives peridot a distinct place in gemology, as it is one of the few minerals that can be traced to both terrestrial and extraterrestrial sources.
The primary sources of peridot include:
- Zabargad (St. John’s Island) in the Red Sea, historically the most important source.
- Norway, Brazil, China, Kenya, Sri Lanka, and Australia, where peridot is found in various geological formations.
- The San Carlos Indian Reservation in Arizona, known for producing smaller, but high-quality peridot stones.
- Meteorites, where peridot is occasionally found in tiny, extraterrestrial crystals.
The color of peridot is determined by the amount of iron in its composition. Stones with a higher concentration of iron tend to have a brownish or yellowish tint, while those with less iron display a more desirable vivid green color.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz, that is composed of alternating bands of sard and onyx. It is typically found in sedimentary rock formations and is mined in various parts of the world. The primary sources of sardonyx include:
- India, where it has been historically significant and continues to be a major producer.
- Brazil, known for its high-quality sardonyx with vibrant color contrasts.
- Russia, particularly the Ural Mountains, where sardonyx has been mined for centuries.
- Mexico and the United States, where it is found in smaller deposits.
The formation of sardonyx involves the slow deposition of silica in layers, creating the distinct bands of color that make the gemstone so visually appealing. The contrast between the reddish-brown sard and the white or black onyx bands gives sardonyx its distinctive appearance and makes it a popular choice for engraved jewelry and seals.
Spinel
Spinel is formed in both igneous and metamorphic rock environments. It is often found in association with corundum (ruby and sapphire) and other minerals. The most famous historical source of spinel is the Kashmir region, where the gem is known for its intense pink to red colors and exceptional clarity. Other notable sources include:
- Afghanistan and Burma (Myanmar), where spinel has been mined for centuries.
- Sri Lanka, known for producing high-quality spinel in a range of colors.
- Madagascar and Tanzania, which have become significant modern sources of spinel, particularly in vibrant red and orange hues.
Spinel’s formation process involves the crystallization of minerals under high heat and pressure, resulting in a gemstone with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. This makes it durable and suitable for a variety to jewelry applications.
Gemological Properties
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Chemical Composition | Refractive Index | Source Locations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Yellowish green to greenish yellow | 6.5–7 | Magnesium iron silicate (Mg₁.₈Fe₀.₂SiO₄) | 1.65–1.70 | Zabargad, Arizona, Kenya, Brazil |
| Sardonyx | Reddish brown and white or black bands | 6.5–7 | Chalcedony (microcrystalline quartz) | 1.48–1.53 | India, Brazil, Russia |
| Spinel | Red, pink, orange, yellow, green, black | 8 | Magnesium aluminum silicate (MgAl₂O₄) | 1.718–1.735 | Afghanistan, Kashmir, Sri Lanka |
Peridot
Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but more fragile than many other gemstones. It has a refractive index between 1.65 and 1.70 and is typically transparent to translucent. The most valuable peridots are those with a vivid green color and minimal inclusions. Because peridot can be found in meteorites, it is sometimes referred to as a "cosmic gemstone."
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 and a refractive index between 1.48 and 1.53. Its unique banding is a result of alternating layers of sard and onyx. The gem is typically opaque, with colors ranging from reddish brown to white or black. Sardonyx is commonly used for engraved jewelry, including cameos and seals, due to its durability and ability to hold fine detail.
Spinel
Spinel has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the most durable gemstones available. It has a refractive index between 1.718 and 1.735 and is typically transparent to translucent. Spinel is available in a wide range of colors, with the most prized being the vivid red and pink hues. The Kashmir spinel, in particular, is highly sought after for its exceptional color and clarity.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has long been associated with protection, strength, and emotional balance. In ancient times, it was believed to provide courage and confidence to the wearer, making it a popular choice for warriors and leaders. The gemstone is also associated with open communication and the ability to express oneself clearly and effectively.
Modern metaphysical practitioners believe that sardonyx can help with grounding, emotional stability, and the ability to focus on long-term goals. It is also thought to promote prosperity and the ability to form and maintain healthy relationships.
Peridot
Peridot is known for its association with happiness, good fortune, and the ability to ward off negative energy. In ancient times, it was believed to bring joy and protect the wearer from nightmares and negative influences. The gemstone was also used in rituals to promote healing and well-being.
Modern metaphysical beliefs suggest that peridot can help with emotional healing, particularly in cases of anger and resentment. It is also thought to stimulate creativity and inspire a positive outlook on life. Some believe that peridot can help with financial prosperity and attract abundance in all areas of life.
Spinel
Spinel is considered a gemstone of vitality and energy. It is believed to enhance the wearer’s strength, courage, and ability to overcome challenges. In some traditions, spinel is thought to promote emotional stability and help the wearer stay grounded during times of stress.
Modern practitioners also associate spinel with love and passion, making it a popular choice for romantic jewelry. It is believed to enhance the connection between partners and promote lasting, meaningful relationships.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot
Due to its relatively low hardness (6.5–7), peridot should be handled with care to avoid scratches and chips. It is also sensitive to heat and should not be exposed to high temperatures, such as those from steam or ultrasonic cleaners. To clean peridot, use a soft cloth and warm soapy water. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can damage the gemstone.
Peridot should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching. Because it can be found in meteorites, it is sometimes referred to as a "cosmic gemstone," and its unique origin adds to its allure and mystique.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is relatively durable, with a hardness of 6.5–7, but it can still be scratched or chipped if handled improperly. It is also sensitive to heat and should not be exposed to high temperatures. To clean sardonyx, use a soft cloth and warm soapy water. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage over time.
Sardonyx should be stored in a dry place to prevent the formation of surface grime. Because it is commonly used for engraved jewelry, it is important to avoid using abrasive materials when cleaning it, as these can damage the intricate designs.
Spinel
Spinel is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for daily wear. It can be cleaned using a soft cloth and warm soapy water or an ultrasonic cleaner. However, it should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or high temperatures, as these can damage the gemstone.
Spinel should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching. Because of its wide range of colors and high brilliance, it is a popular choice for engagement rings, pendants, and other fine jewelry pieces.
Conclusion
August’s three birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each carry a rich history, unique properties, and deep symbolic meaning. From the ancient use of sardonyx by Roman soldiers to the cosmic origins of peridot in meteorites, these gemstones have played significant roles in human culture and tradition.
Peridot, with its vibrant green color and association with happiness and healing, is a beloved gemstone that has been cherished for thousands of years. Sardonyx, with its striking banding and protective qualities, continues to be valued for its spiritual and practical benefits. Spinel, once mistaken for ruby, has now found its rightful place as a celebrated birthstone, offering a dazzling array of colors and a unique story.
For those born in August, these gemstones offer more than just beauty—they represent a connection to the past, a symbol of strength and vitality, and a meaningful way to celebrate life’s milestones.