August, the eighth month of the year, is named after Augustus Caesar, the first Emperor of Rome. Originally called Sextilis, this month has long been associated with the sun and the peak of summer. As a result, the birthstones and flowers of August reflect themes of vitality, strength, and enduring beauty. The birthstones of August include Peridot, Sardonyx, and Spinel, while the birth flowers are the Gladiolus and Poppies. Each of these gemstones and flowers carries a rich history, distinct physical and symbolic properties, and deep cultural significance.
This article will explore the historical journey of these August birthstones, their geological origins, gemological properties, and the cultural and metaphysical beliefs that have grown around them. We will also briefly touch on the symbolic meanings of the August birth flowers, as they complement the gemstone lore of the month. The focus will be on the birthstones, with special attention given to the most widely recognized of them—Peridot—and its enduring popularity.
History and Lore of August Birthstones
The tradition of associating gemstones with birth months dates back to ancient times, with early records found in biblical texts and Roman literature. The earliest known reference is in the High Priest’s Breastplate described in the Book of Exodus, which lists twelve gemstones representing the twelve tribes of Israel. Over time, these associations evolved, and by the 1st century AD, the Romans had developed a system of assigning gemstones to each month of the year for protective and symbolic purposes.
For August, the earliest recorded birthstone was Sardonyx, a banded chalcedony with alternating layers of red and white. Sardonyx was used in ancient Greece and Rome for signet rings, and it was believed to offer protection and courage. The stone was so valued that it was often set in gold and worn during important events. According to some ancient texts, Sardonyx was thought to ward off evil when placed in the four corners of a home.
By the 19th century, Peridot had become the more widely recognized August birthstone, particularly in Western cultures. Peridot was known in ancient Egypt as the “gem of the sun,” and it was believed that it was brought to Earth by the sun’s rays or by volcanic activity. The Red Sea island of Zabargad, also known as St. John’s Island, was a famous source of peridot in ancient times and was even referenced in the writings of Pliny the Elder.
Spinel was officially added as an August birthstone in 2016 by the American Gemological Society (AGS), recognizing its historical and aesthetic value. Spinel, often mistaken for ruby or sapphire due to its vivid colors, has a long history in royal jewelry and was prized by the Mughal emperors of India. Its inclusion as an August birthstone reflects a growing appreciation for alternative gemstones that offer unique beauty and rarity.
Together, these three gemstones form a diverse and fascinating array of options for those born in August, each with its own story and significance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Understanding the geological origins of these gemstones provides insight into their rarity, coloration, and physical properties.
Peridot
Peridot is the gem-quality form of the mineral olivine, a magnesium iron silicate with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄. It forms under high-pressure conditions in the Earth’s mantle and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. Peridot can also be found in meteorites, where it forms in space under similar conditions.
The primary sources of peridot today include:
- Zabargad Island (St. John’s Island) in the Red Sea – one of the most famous and historically significant sources
- Arizona, USA, particularly in the San Carlos Apache Reservation
- Brazil, especially in the state of Bahia
- Nigeria, where large deposits of peridot have been found
- Myanmar (Burma) and Pakistan, which produce high-quality stones with rich green tones
Peridot is known for its vibrant green to yellow-green color, which comes from the presence of iron. The more iron present in the stone, the deeper the green hue. Peridot can range in color from pale yellow to dark olive green and is one of the few gemstones that occur in only one color (excluding treated or synthetic varieties).
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz. It is composed of alternating bands of sard (a reddish-brown chalcedony) and onyx (a white or black banded chalcedony). The name "Sardonyx" comes from the Greek words sard (meaning reddish) and onyx (a type of banded stone).
Sardonyx is formed through sedimentary and hydrothermal processes, often in volcanic rock. The most significant sources of sardonyx include:
- India, which produces sardonyx with the best contrast between the red and white bands
- Brazil, known for its high-quality sardonyx with vibrant colors
- Germany and Czechoslovakia, which have historical ties to sardonyx production
- Madagascar and Uruguay, which are modern sources of the stone
- The United States, particularly in California and Oregon, where sardonyx is found in geodes and rock formations
Sardonyx is a relatively abundant stone and is often carved into cameos, seals, and intaglios. Its durability and ability to take a fine polish make it ideal for engraving and jewelry.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum silicate, with the chemical formula MgAl₂O₄. It forms in metamorphic and igneous rocks and is found in a wide range of colors due to trace impurities. The most valuable spinels are red, often mistaken for rubies, and deep blue or violet.
Notable sources of spinel include:
- Afghanistan, where large, vivid red spinels have been found
- Myanmar (Burma), particularly in the Mogok region, which is famous for its ruby deposits that often contain spinel
- Vietnam, where deep blue and violet spinels are mined
- India, which has a long history of spinel trade
- Brazil and Sri Lanka, which are modern sources of the gemstone
Spinel is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear in jewelry. Its refractive index and brilliance make it a popular alternative to ruby and sapphire in fine jewelry.
Gemological Properties of August Birthstones
Each of the August birthstones has unique gemological properties that define their appearance, durability, and value.
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Chemical Formula | Refractive Index | Specific Gravity | Luster | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Green (varies from yellow-green to olive) | 6.5–7 | (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ | 1.65–1.70 | 3.34–4.58 | Vitreous | Transparent to translucent |
| Sardonyx | Reddish-brown and white (banded) | 6.5–7 | SiO₂ | Varies (1.48–1.53) | 2.60–2.61 | Waxy to vitreous | Translucent |
| Spinel | Multicolored (red, pink, blue, violet, etc.) | 8 | MgAl₂O₄ | 1.718 | 3.98–4.10 | Vitreous | Transparent |
Peridot
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively durable for jewelry, though it is softer than many other gemstones.
- Color: The color of peridot is determined by the amount of iron in the crystal structure. Higher iron content results in a deeper green.
- Refractive Index: 1.65–1.70, which gives peridot a bright, glassy luster.
- Specific Gravity: 3.34–4.58, making it one of the heavier gemstones.
- Luster: Vitreous (glass-like), which enhances its brilliance.
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent, with some inclusions common.
Sardonyx
- Hardness: 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale, which is suitable for jewelry, though it is more susceptible to scratches than harder gems like diamond or corundum.
- Color: Banded with red and white or black layers, depending on the type of onyx present.
- Refractive Index: Varies between 1.48 and 1.53, depending on the quartz content.
- Specific Gravity: 2.60–2.61, which is typical for chalcedony.
- Luster: Waxy to vitreous, with a smooth surface when polished.
- Transparency: Translucent, with some opacity depending on the banding and impurities.
Spinel
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale, making it one of the hardest gemstones after corundum (ruby and sapphire).
- Color: Available in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, blue, violet, and even black.
- Refractive Index: 1.718, which is consistent across all colors of spinel.
- Specific Gravity: 3.98–4.10, which is slightly higher than many other gemstones.
- Luster: Vitreous, with a high degree of brilliance and fire.
- Transparency: Transparent, with minimal inclusions in high-quality stones.
These properties make each of these gemstones distinct and suitable for different types of jewelry and uses.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The August birthstones have long been associated with protective, healing, and spiritual properties. These beliefs vary across cultures and historical periods, but they share a common theme of strength, protection, and positive influence.
Peridot
Peridot has been associated with prosperity, protection, and emotional healing. Ancient Egyptians believed that peridot was a gift from the sun and that it could bring good luck and ward off nightmares. It was often used in amulets and protective charms.
In medieval Europe, peridot was believed to have healing powers and was used to treat various ailments. Some sources suggest that it was used to treat heart and stomach conditions, as well as to ease the pain of childbirth.
Modern metaphysical beliefs attribute peridot with the ability to clear negative energy, promote inner peace, and enhance self-confidence. It is also associated with love and loyalty, making it a popular gift for romantic partners.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx has been associated with courage, strength, and protection. In ancient Rome, it was used in signet rings and was believed to offer protection to the wearer. It was also believed to promote loyalty and happiness, making it a popular gemstone for seals and marriage rings.
Some sources suggest that sardonyx was used in protective rituals, with ancient legends claiming that placing it in the four corners of a house would ward off evil spirits. In medieval Europe, it was believed to have healing properties and was used to treat skin conditions and digestive issues.
Modern metaphysical beliefs suggest that sardonyx can help calm the mind, promote self-discipline, and enhance focus and clarity. It is also believed to be a stone of protection and stability, making it a popular choice for those seeking balance and security in their lives.
Spinel
Spinel has been associated with soothing energy, emotional balance, and reconciliation. In ancient times, it was believed to have the power to calm tempers and resolve conflicts. Some sources suggest that it was used in royal courts to promote harmony among nobles and to ward off jealousy and envy.
Modern metaphysical beliefs attribute spinel with the ability to enhance emotional well-being, boost confidence, and promote inner peace. It is also believed to be a stone of passion and love, making it a popular gemstone for romantic gifts and engagement rings.
Care and Cleaning of August Birthstones
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and durability of August birthstone jewelry.
Peridot
- Cleaning: Peridot should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as they can damage the gemstone.
- Storage: Store peridot jewelry separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches. It should be kept in a soft cloth or jewelry box to prevent contact with harder gemstones.
- Handling: Avoid exposing peridot to extreme heat or sudden temperature changes, as it can cause thermal shock and cracks.
Sardonyx
- Cleaning: Sardonyx can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as they can dull the surface.
- Storage: Store sardonyx away from acidic or abrasive substances. It should be kept in a dry, cool place to prevent damage.
- Handling: Avoid exposing sardonyx to acidic substances or extreme heat, as it can cause etching or discoloration.
Spinel
- Cleaning: Spinel can be cleaned with warm, soapy water or a mild jewelry cleaner. It is safe to use an ultrasonic cleaner, but avoid using steam cleaners, as they can cause thermal shock.
- Storage: Store spinel jewelry in a soft pouch or jewelry box to prevent scratches from harder gemstones.
- Handling: Spinel is relatively durable, but it should be handled with care to avoid chipping or abrasion.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—Peridot, Sardonyx, and Spinel—offer a rich tapestry of history, symbolism, and beauty. From the fiery reds and whites of Sardonyx to the vibrant greens of Peridot and the vivid colors of Spinel, these gemstones reflect the spirit of August: strong, vibrant, and full of life.
Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, symbolic meaning, or historical significance, August birthstones are a timeless choice for jewelry and personal adornment. Their unique properties and deep cultural roots make them more than just decorative objects—they are keepsakes of history and tradition, worn to honor the past and celebrate the present.
For those born in August, or those who wish to gift someone born in this month, these gemstones offer a meaningful and beautiful choice. They serve as a reminder of the enduring power of nature and the deep connections we share with the Earth and its treasures.