December, the final month of the year, is marked not only by its festive traditions and winter ambiance but also by its diverse and captivating selection of birthstones. Unlike months that are associated with a single gemstone, December is uniquely distinguished by a collection of five birthstones: Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Lapis Lazuli, and Turquoise. Each of these gemstones carries its own distinct color, history, and symbolic meaning, making December one of the most versatile and intriguing birthstone months.
The December birthstones are particularly notable for their rich, cool-toned palette—primarily blue, with variations of violet and green. These colors evoke the serene and reflective mood of winter, aligning with the month’s aesthetic and cultural significance. While blue is the dominant color theme, the range of shades and hues within December’s birthstones is vast, offering a spectrum of options that can suit a wide variety of tastes and preferences.
The purpose of this article is to explore the color characteristics of December’s birthstones in detail. This includes an in-depth examination of their gemological properties, their historical and cultural significance, and the symbolism associated with their colors. Through this exploration, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of why December’s birthstones are celebrated not only for their beauty but also for the depth of meaning they carry.
History and Lore of December Birthstones
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months has deep historical roots, with some sources tracing it back to biblical times and ancient civilizations. According to the Book of Exodus, the twelve stones on the High Priest’s breastplate corresponded to the twelve tribes of Israel, and this early association of stones with identity and divinity may have influenced later traditions. In medieval times, the practice of wearing gemstones corresponding to one’s birth month became more widespread, often linked to astrological beliefs and the idea that each stone possessed protective or healing properties.
December birthstones, particularly Turquoise and Lapis Lazuli, have long-standing ties to ancient cultures. Turquoise, in particular, was highly valued in ancient Egypt, where it was used in jewelry and amulets by royalty and priests. It was believed to offer protection and good fortune, and was even buried with pharaohs as part of their funerary rites. In China, turquoise was also prized, with artisans carving it into intricate designs over 3,000 years ago.
Lapis Lazuli, with its striking deep blue color and flecks of gold, was similarly revered in the ancient world. It was used in jewelry, cosmetics, and even as pigment for paintings and manuscripts. The ancient Egyptians used lapis lazuli to create eye shadow, believing it had protective properties. Its association with wisdom and royalty made it a symbol of intellect and divinity, and it was often used in ceremonial contexts.
The more modern December birthstones—Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, and Tanzanite—emerged later. Blue Zircon, known for its brilliance and rainbow-like fire, has been appreciated since ancient times, though its modern association with December is more recent. Blue Topaz, a relatively affordable and durable gemstone, became popular in the 20th century as a modern alternative to diamonds. Tanzanite, discovered in the 1960s in Tanzania, is a newer gemstone that has quickly gained recognition for its unique violet-blue color and limited availability.
These historical and cultural connections have contributed to the enduring popularity of December birthstones. Their colors and meanings continue to resonate with people today, making them a meaningful and beautiful choice for jewelry and personal adornment.
Geological Formation and Sources of December Birthstones
The color of a gemstone is largely determined by its chemical composition and the conditions under which it forms. December birthstones, with their rich blue and violet hues, are no exception. Each of these gemstones forms under specific geological conditions, and their sources can be traced to different regions around the world.
Blue Zircon is a type of zircon that has been treated to enhance its blue color. Natural zircon occurs in a range of colors, from colorless to reddish-brown, but the blue variety is the most popular and widely used. The blue color is achieved through heat treatment or irradiation, which alters the stone’s crystal structure. Zircon is typically found in metamorphic and igneous rocks, and major sources include Australia, Cambodia, and parts of the United States.
Blue Topaz is another gemstone that is often enhanced to achieve its characteristic blue color. Natural topaz is typically colorless or yellow, but it can be treated with irradiation and heat to produce a range of blue shades, from pale sky blue to deep London blue. Topaz is formed in igneous rocks and is commonly found in pegmatite deposits. Brazil is the largest source of topaz, followed by the United States, Mexico, and Nigeria.
Tanzanite, as the name suggests, is found exclusively in Tanzania, near the base of Mount Kilimanjaro. It was discovered in 1967 and quickly became a popular gemstone due to its striking violet-blue color. Tanzanite forms in metamorphic rocks and is closely associated with the geological activity of the East African Rift. Its rarity and limited geographic source make it one of the most unique and valuable December birthstones.
Turquoise, a hydrated phosphate mineral, forms in the oxidized zones of copper deposits. It is typically found in arid regions, where the mineral-rich environment allows for the formation of the blue-green gemstone. The United States, particularly in the Southwestern states such as Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico, is a major source of turquoise. Other notable sources include Iran, China, and Egypt.
Lapis Lazuli, a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, forms under high-pressure conditions. It is often found in association with other minerals such as pyrite and calcite. Afghanistan has been the primary source of lapis lazuli for thousands of years, with other notable sources in Russia, Canada, and Argentina. The deep blue color of lapis lazuli is due to the presence of lazurite, while the flecks of gold come from pyrite.
These geological characteristics and sources contribute to the distinct colors and properties of each December birthstone. The way they form and the environments in which they are found influence not only their appearance but also their rarity and value.
Gemological Properties of December Birthstones
The color of a gemstone is one of its most defining characteristics, but it is not the only factor that determines its beauty and value. Other gemological properties such as hardness, clarity, cut, and refractive index also play a crucial role in how a gemstone is perceived and used. Here, we examine the key gemological properties of each December birthstone.
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Chemical Formula | Refractive Index | Transparency | Cut |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Zircon | Blue | 6.5–7.5 | ZrSiO₄ | 1.92–2.00 | Transparent to translucent | Round, princess, cushion |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 6–7 | Al₂SiO₆F₂ | 1.61–1.63 | Transparent | Round, oval, emerald |
| Tanzanite | Violet-blue | 6–7 | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | 1.694–1.701 | Transparent | Oval, cushion |
| Turquoise | Blue-green | 5–6 | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 1.61–1.63 | Opaque to translucent | Cabochon, round |
| Lapis Lazuli | Deep blue | 5–6 | (Na,Ca)₈(AlSiO₄)₆(S,SO₄,Cl)₁–₂ | 1.50–1.70 | Opaque | Cabochon, round |
Blue Zircon
Blue Zircon is known for its brilliant fire and high refractive index, which give it a dazzling appearance. It is typically cut in round or princess shapes to maximize its sparkle. The hardness of 6.5–7.5 makes it suitable for everyday wear, though it is not as durable as diamonds or sapphires. Zircon is also known for its strong dispersion, which causes it to display a rainbow-like effect when light passes through it.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is one of the most popular December birthstones due to its affordability and durability. With a hardness of 6–7, it is relatively hard and can be worn in a variety of jewelry settings. Its refractive index is moderate, and it is often cut in round, oval, or emerald shapes to enhance its clarity and brilliance. Blue Topaz is also known for its excellent light transmission, making it a bright and lively gemstone.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is prized for its deep violet-blue color and high refractive index. It is typically cut in oval or cushion shapes to emphasize its color and clarity. With a hardness of 6–7, it is fairly durable but requires careful handling to avoid scratches or chips. Tanzanite is also pleochroic, meaning it can display different colors when viewed from different angles, which adds to its visual appeal.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a unique gemstone in that it is typically cut as a cabochon rather than being faceted. This is because it is a soft and porous mineral that does not respond well to faceting. The hardness of 5–6 means that it is more susceptible to scratches and damage, so it is often used in pendants or earrings rather than rings. Turquoise is also known for its chatoyancy, which gives it a silky or waxy appearance.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli is an opaque gemstone that is typically cut as a cabochon or round to showcase its deep blue color and golden flecks of pyrite. It has a hardness of 5–6, making it relatively soft and prone to scratches. Because of its opacity, it is not faceted like other gemstones, but it is still highly valued for its rich color and historical significance.
These gemological properties highlight the unique characteristics of each December birthstone and explain why they are used in different types of jewelry and settings. Their colors, hardness, and cuts all contribute to their beauty and appeal.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs Associated with December Birthstones
December birthstones have been associated with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs throughout history. These beliefs often reflect the cultural and spiritual significance of the gemstones, as well as their physical properties. While some of these beliefs are ancient and have been passed down through generations, others are more modern and based on the properties of the stones themselves.
Blue Zircon
Blue Zircon has long been associated with wisdom, clarity, and spiritual insight. In ancient times, it was believed to enhance one's ability to see the future and make clear decisions. It was also thought to protect against nightmares and promote peaceful sleep. In modern metaphysical practices, Blue Zircon is believed to enhance psychic abilities and improve communication, making it a popular stone for those involved in spiritual or intuitive work.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is often associated with calmness, serenity, and emotional balance. In ancient times, it was believed to help with mental clarity and to calm the mind during times of stress. It was also considered a protective stone, believed to ward off negative energy and promote positive thinking. In modern times, Blue Topaz is used in meditation and is believed to help with emotional healing and self-expression.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is one of the more recent December birthstones, but it has quickly become popular for its powerful metaphysical properties. It is believed to enhance intuition, promote emotional healing, and encourage a deeper connection with the universe. Tanzanite is also associated with transformation and personal growth, making it a popular stone for those undergoing major life changes. Its rarity and limited geographic source also contribute to its sense of exclusivity and spiritual significance.
Turquoise
Turquoise has been used as a protective talisman for centuries, particularly in ancient Egypt and Native American cultures. It was believed to protect the wearer from harm, particularly in battle or during travel. In some cultures, it was also believed to promote health and longevity. In modern times, turquoise is still used as a protective stone, but it is also associated with creativity, communication, and emotional balance. It is often used in meditation and is believed to help with emotional healing and personal expression.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli has a long history of being associated with wisdom, knowledge, and spiritual enlightenment. In ancient Egypt, it was used in jewelry and cosmetics, and it was believed to enhance one’s intellect and promote a connection with the divine. In modern metaphysical practices, lapis lazuli is believed to enhance intuition, promote self-awareness, and encourage a deeper understanding of oneself and the world. It is also associated with truth, honesty, and spiritual growth.
These symbolic and metaphysical beliefs contribute to the enduring popularity of December birthstones. Whether used for their protective properties, their ability to enhance intuition, or their connection to wisdom and knowledge, these gemstones continue to be valued not only for their beauty but also for their deeper meanings.
Care and Cleaning of December Birthstones
Proper care and maintenance are essential for preserving the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Because these gemstones vary in hardness and sensitivity to heat and chemicals, it is important to follow specific care guidelines for each one.
Blue Zircon
Blue Zircon is relatively durable, with a hardness of 6.5–7.5 on the Mohs scale, but it is still susceptible to scratches and heat damage. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic cleaners can be used with caution, but steam cleaners should be avoided as they can cause the stone to crack. Zircon is also sensitive to high temperatures, so it should not be exposed to heat sources such as direct sunlight or hot water.
Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is one of the harder December birthstones, with a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale. It is generally safe to clean with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can also be used, but care should be taken to avoid overuse, as this can cause the stone to become dull over time. Blue Topaz is not sensitive to heat, but it should still be kept away from extreme temperatures to prevent damage.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively soft gemstone, with a hardness of 6–7 on the Mohs scale. It is also sensitive to heat and chemicals, so it should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic cleaners can be used with caution, but steam cleaners should be avoided as they can cause the stone to crack. Tanzanite is also sensitive to high temperatures, so it should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent discoloration or damage.
Turquoise
Turquoise is one of the softer December birthstones, with a hardness of 5–6 on the Mohs scale. Because it is porous and sensitive to chemicals, it should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should never be exposed to harsh chemicals, as this can cause it to discolor or lose its luster. Turquoise is also sensitive to heat, so it should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent dehydration and cracking.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli is an opaque gemstone that is best cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should not be exposed to water for long periods of time, as this can cause it to lose its color or become brittle. Lapis Lazuli is also sensitive to heat and should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent damage.
Proper care and maintenance are essential for preserving the beauty and value of December birthstones. By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your gemstones remain in excellent condition for years to come.
Conclusion
December birthstones offer a rich and diverse selection of gemstones, each with its own unique color, history, and symbolic meaning. From the brilliant blue of Blue Zircon and Blue Topaz to the deep violet of Tanzanite and the rich blue-green of Turquoise and Lapis Lazuli, these gemstones capture the essence of winter and its traditions. Their historical significance, geological properties, and metaphysical beliefs all contribute to their enduring popularity and appeal.
Whether you are drawn to the protective properties of Turquoise, the wisdom-enhancing qualities of Lapis Lazuli, or the emotional balance offered by Blue Topaz, there is a December birthstone to suit every taste and intention. Their colors and meanings make them not only beautiful but also deeply meaningful, connecting us to the past while offering guidance and inspiration for the present.
As we continue to appreciate the beauty and significance of December birthstones, we are reminded of the enduring power of gemstones to inspire, protect, and connect us to the world around us. These gemstones are more than just decorative objects—they are symbols of history, culture, and personal meaning, carrying with them the stories and traditions of those who have cherished them for centuries.