September is a month rich in symbolism, not only for its transition from summer to autumn but also for its association with two distinguished gemstones: the sapphire and lapis lazuli. These stones, revered for their deep blue hues and storied histories, serve as powerful representations of truth, wisdom, and inner peace. As birthstones, they carry both practical and spiritual significance, making them popular choices for jewelry, gifts, and personal adornment. This article delves into the geological, historical, and cultural dimensions of these two September birthstones, providing a comprehensive understanding of their enduring appeal and value.
Introduction
September is unique among the months in that it has two official birthstones: the sapphire and lapis lazuli. While the sapphire is the most widely recognized and celebrated of the two, lapis lazuli is an equally significant alternative. Both stones share a deep blue coloration, which is a defining characteristic of their visual appeal and symbolic meaning. The sapphire, belonging to the corundum family, is a mineral known for its hardness and durability, making it ideal for jewelry. Lapis lazuli, on the other hand, is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, with inclusions of pyrite and calcite, and is valued for its ornamental beauty and historical use in ancient civilizations.
This article explores the origins, properties, and cultural significance of both sapphires and lapis lazuli. It will cover their geological formation, historical use across different cultures, symbolic meanings, and practical considerations for care and preservation. By examining these facets, readers will gain a deeper appreciation for the dual legacy of September's birthstones and understand why they remain cherished gems to this day.
History and Lore
The Sapphire: A Gem of Royalty and Power
The sapphire has long been associated with royalty, wisdom, and spiritual insight. Its name is derived from the Greek word sappheiros, which means “blue” or “precious stone.” In ancient Greece, sapphires were believed to have been formed from the stars and were associated with the heavens. The Roman scholar Pliny the Elder wrote about sapphires in his Natural History, describing them as stones that could protect the wearer from harm and enhance their spiritual connection.
In medieval Europe, sapphires were thought to be symbols of faith and purity. They were often worn by clergy and nobility as a mark of divine favor. The stone was also believed to have healing properties, particularly for ailments of the mind and emotions. During the Renaissance, sapphires became a favored gem in royal courts, where they were used in crowns, scepters, and other regalia to symbolize power and wisdom.
One of the most famous sapphires in history is the Ceylon sapphire worn by Princess Diana in her engagement ring. This 12-carat stone, set in a platinum band with 14 diamonds, was later inherited by Kate Middleton, the wife of Prince William. The ring has since become an iconic symbol of love and tradition within the British royal family.
Sapphires have also played a significant role in various religious and mythological traditions. In Hinduism, the sapphire is associated with the planet Venus and is believed to bring harmony and balance to the wearer. In ancient Chinese culture, sapphires were considered to be the "heavenly stone" and were used in imperial regalia to symbolize the emperor's connection to the divine.
The Lapis Lazuli: A Stone of Wisdom and Royalty
Lapis lazuli, though less well-known than sapphire, holds a rich and storied history that spans thousands of years. The name lapis lazuli comes from the Latin words lapis (stone) and lazurum (blue), referring to the stone's deep blue coloration. Lapis lazuli has been found in archaeological sites dating back to the Neolithic period, with the earliest known use dating to around 6000 BCE in Egypt.
In ancient Egypt, lapis lazuli was highly prized and was often used in jewelry, amulets, and even cosmetics. It was ground into a fine powder to create a deep blue pigment used in eye makeup by the pharaohs and other elite members of society. This practice was not only for aesthetic purposes but also for protective and spiritual reasons, as the Egyptians believed that the stone had the power to ward off evil and bring good fortune.
Lapis lazuli was also significant in Mesopotamian and Sumerian cultures, where it was used in the creation of cylinder seals and other ritual objects. The stone was believed to be a conduit for divine knowledge and was often associated with the gods. In ancient Greece, lapis lazuli was known as the "stone of the gods" and was used in the creation of jewelry and decorative items.
During the Renaissance, lapis lazuli gained renewed popularity in Europe, particularly in Italy, where it was used in the production of ultramarine pigment for Renaissance paintings. The pigment, known as lapis lazuli blue, was one of the most expensive and sought-after colors in the art world and was used by artists such as Michelangelo and Titian.
In modern times, lapis lazuli has retained its symbolic value as a stone of wisdom, truth, and spiritual insight. It is often used in meditation and is believed to enhance intuition and inner peace. In many cultures, lapis lazuli is also associated with the throat chakra and is believed to aid in communication and self-expression.
Geological Formation and Sources
The Sapphire: A Product of the Earth's Depths
Sapphires are formed through a complex geological process that occurs deep within the Earth's crust. They belong to the corundum family, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Corundum is one of the hardest minerals on the Mohs scale, with a hardness of 9, second only to diamonds. The blue coloration of sapphires is due to trace amounts of iron and titanium within the crystal structure.
Sapphires are typically formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. The presence of impurities such as chromium, vanadium, and iron determines the color of the sapphire. Blue sapphires, the most well-known variety, get their color from the interaction between iron and titanium. Other colors of sapphire, such as pink, yellow, and green, are caused by different trace elements.
Sapphires are found in a variety of locations around the world, including Afghanistan, Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, India, Madagascar, Myanmar (Burma), Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania. Sri Lanka is particularly famous for its high-quality sapphires, which have been mined for centuries. The Ceylon sapphire, named after the island of Sri Lanka, is known for its vibrant blue color and exceptional clarity.
In addition to natural sapphires, synthetic sapphires are also produced in laboratories using methods such as the flame fusion process and the hydrothermal process. These synthetic stones have the same chemical composition and physical properties as natural sapphires but are created in a controlled environment. They are often used in jewelry and industrial applications where natural sapphires may be too costly or unavailable.
The Lapis Lazuli: A Metamorphic Marvel
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a deep blue mineral that gives the stone its characteristic color. The rock also contains inclusions of other minerals such as pyrite, calcite, and diopside. The presence of these minerals can affect the appearance of lapis lazuli, with pyrite creating flecks of gold and calcite adding white or milky streaks.
Lapis lazuli is formed through the metamorphism of calcium-rich rocks under high pressure and moderate temperature conditions. This process causes the minerals to recrystallize and form the dense, compact structure of lapis lazuli. The stone is often found in association with other metamorphic rocks such as marble and schist.
The most important source of high-quality lapis lazuli is the Kafiristan region of Afghanistan, where the stone has been mined for thousands of years. The mines in this area are particularly famous for producing lapis lazuli with a deep blue color and minimal inclusions. Other sources of lapis lazuli include Russia, Chile, Canada, and the United States.
Unlike sapphires, lapis lazuli is not as hard and is therefore more prone to scratches and damage. It has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for use in pendants, earrings, and other pieces of jewelry that are less likely to be subjected to abrasion. Due to its softness, lapis lazuli is often used in ornamental objects and decorative items rather than in high-wear jewelry.
Gemological Properties
The Sapphire: A Hard and Durable Gemstone
Sapphires are among the most durable gemstones, with a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale. This makes them highly resistant to scratches and abrasions, allowing them to be used in a wide range of jewelry applications, including rings, bracelets, and necklaces. The high refractive index of sapphires (1.76 to 1.78) gives them a brilliant luster, which enhances their visual appeal.
Sapphires are available in a variety of colors, but the most popular and valuable variety is the deep blue sapphire. The color intensity is influenced by the concentration of trace elements such as iron and titanium. Sapphires with a vivid, royal blue color are considered to be the most desirable. The color of sapphires can also be enhanced through heat treatment, a common practice in the gemstone industry.
In terms of clarity, sapphires can range from completely transparent to translucent, depending on the presence of inclusions. While some inclusions are considered natural and desirable, excessive inclusions can reduce the value of the stone. High-quality sapphires are typically cut in shapes such as the emerald cut, cushion cut, and round brilliant cut, which maximize their brilliance and fire.
The Lapis Lazuli: A Stone of Beauty and Complexity
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock rather than a true gemstone, but it is valued for its ornamental qualities and historical significance. It has a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, which means it is relatively soft and can be easily scratched or damaged. This makes it less suitable for high-wear jewelry such as rings and bracelets. However, it is often used in pendants, earrings, and other delicate pieces where it is less likely to be subjected to abrasion.
Lapis lazuli is composed of lazurite, which is the primary mineral responsible for its deep blue color. The presence of pyrite gives the stone its characteristic golden flecks, while calcite can add white or milky streaks. The color of lapis lazuli can vary from a deep, intense blue to a lighter, more muted tone, depending on the concentration of lazurite and the presence of other minerals.
Lapis lazuli is often cut into cabochons or polished into beads and inlays. It is also used in the production of mosaics, decorative objects, and religious artifacts. The stone is highly valued for its ability to take a smooth, glossy polish, which enhances its visual appeal.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The Sapphire: A Stone of Truth and Purity
Sapphires have long been associated with truth, purity, and spiritual insight. In ancient times, they were believed to be the stones of the gods and were used in rituals to communicate with the divine. In medieval Europe, sapphires were thought to have protective properties and were worn by clergy and nobility to ward off evil and illness.
In modern times, sapphires continue to be associated with wisdom, clarity, and inner peace. They are often used in meditation and are believed to enhance intuition and spiritual awareness. Sapphires are also believed to promote honesty and sincerity, making them a popular choice for engagement rings and other meaningful jewelry.
The sapphire is also a symbol of loyalty and constancy. It is often given as a gift to express deep affection and enduring love. In some cultures, sapphires are believed to bring good fortune and prosperity to the wearer.
The Lapis Lazuli: A Stone of Wisdom and Intuition
Lapis lazuli is a stone of wisdom, intuition, and spiritual insight. It is often used in meditation and is believed to enhance communication and self-expression. In many cultures, lapis lazuli is associated with the throat chakra and is believed to help the wearer speak their truth and express their emotions with clarity and confidence.
Lapis lazuli is also believed to promote inner peace and emotional balance. It is often used to relieve stress, anxiety, and other emotional imbalances. In some traditions, lapis lazuli is believed to have healing properties and is used in the treatment of various ailments.
In addition to its metaphysical properties, lapis lazuli is also associated with royalty and power. It was used in the crowns and regalia of ancient rulers as a symbol of wisdom and authority. In modern times, lapis lazuli continues to be a popular stone for those seeking spiritual growth and personal transformation.
Care and Cleaning
The Sapphire: A Durable and Low-Maintenance Gemstone
Sapphires are highly durable and require minimal care to maintain their brilliance and beauty. Because they are one of the hardest gemstones, they can be cleaned using standard jewelry cleaning methods. A gentle soap and warm water solution can be used to remove dirt and grime. A soft-bristled brush can be used to gently scrub the stone, and a lint-free cloth can be used to dry it.
Sapphires should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. They can be stored in a soft pouch or a jewelry box with individual compartments. It is also important to avoid exposing sapphires to extreme temperatures or harsh chemicals, as these can cause damage.
Because sapphires are often used in high-wear jewelry such as rings and bracelets, they should be inspected regularly for loose settings or signs of wear. If any issues are detected, they should be addressed by a professional jeweler to ensure the longevity of the piece.
The Lapis Lazuli: A Delicate and Ornamental Stone
Lapis lazuli is a relatively soft gemstone and requires more careful handling than sapphires. It should be cleaned using a mild soap and lukewarm water solution, but it should not be submerged in water for long periods of time. A soft cloth can be used to gently wipe the stone and remove any dirt or grime.
Lapis lazuli should be stored in a soft pouch or a jewelry box with individual compartments to prevent scratches. It should not be stored in direct sunlight or exposed to extreme temperatures, as this can cause the stone to fade or become brittle. Lapis lazuli should also be kept away from harsh chemicals and abrasive materials, as these can damage the surface of the stone.
Because lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock rather than a true gemstone, it is not suitable for high-wear jewelry such as rings and bracelets. It is best suited for pendants, earrings, and other delicate pieces that are less likely to be subjected to abrasion.
Conclusion
The September birthstones—sapphire and lapis lazuli—carry a rich legacy of geological, historical, and cultural significance. The sapphire, with its deep blue hue and association with royalty and wisdom, remains one of the most sought-after gemstones in the world. Lapis lazuli, with its ornamental beauty and symbolic value, is a stone of intuition and spiritual insight that has been cherished for thousands of years.
Both stones have a long and storied history, with sapphires being used in ancient jewelry, royal regalia, and religious artifacts, while lapis lazuli has been used in cosmetics, art, and spiritual practices. Their gemological properties, including hardness, color, and clarity, make them suitable for a wide range of jewelry applications, though lapis lazuli requires more careful handling due to its relative softness.
As birthstones, sapphires and lapis lazuli continue to be valued for their beauty, symbolism, and metaphysical properties. Whether worn as a personal adornment or used in spiritual practices, these stones remain powerful symbols of truth, wisdom, and inner peace. Their enduring appeal ensures that they will continue to be cherished by gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and students of gemology for generations to come.